Composition Properties Oil Well Drilling Fluids 4th Edition
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The polymer-based muds are considered as biodegradable mud that has significant properties in a biological attack or micro-organisms (American Petroleum Institute 1969). The polymers commonly used in the industrial oil are classified as biodegradable polymers such as starch, xanthan, gum xanthan, cellulose, and PAC (American Petroleum Institute 1969; Garcia and Parigo 1968; Baba Hamed and Belhadri 2009). Generally, the drilling muds are used to clean the well, maintain whole integrity, transport the rock cuttings, lubricate the drill bit, and control formation pressures. In contrast, the drilling success of oil or gas depends mainly on the right choice of drilling fluids used. The formulation optimizing of the mud can be to reduce significantly the overall cost of drilling a well (American Petroleum Institute 1969; Garcia and Parigo 1968). For this purpose, the drilling mud is chosen according to the nature of training, the architecture of the well, the economic objectives and the environmental constraints. In the composition of a water-based drilling mud (WBM), the bentonite is not the only element used as viscosifiant. For example the xanthan gum (XG) is a natural biopolymers (Amanullah and Long 2004; Alderman et al. 1988), most common used as a viscosifier in the drilling fluids due to its interesting rheological properties such as viscosity improvement (Ching et al. 1993; Baba Hamed and Belhadri 2009; American Petroleum Institute 1969). However, polymers are often added in the drilling fluid in order to get adequate properties and permitting to ensure numerous functions and facilitate a good drilling operation process (American Petroleum Institute 1969; Garcia and Parigo 1968).
Annuli,' Ind. Glowka, D., Optimization of Bit Hydraulic Configurations,' SPE 10240 presented at 56th Annual Fall Tech. Conf., San Antonio, TX, 1981. Darley, Composition and Properties of Oil Well. Drilling Fluids, 4th Edition, 1981, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX.
Furthermore, the polymers addition to drilling fluids provokes an important rheological properties modification. In general, the suspension behavior laws seem complex because of their limited thixotropy, rheofluidifying character, and their rigidity which makes them viscoelastic. Several studies were established on the rheological properties of drilling fluids biopolymers. The studies carried have shown that only the type of polymer is different considering its molecular configuration, its rheological behavior in aqueous medium, as well as the viscosifier properties which it confers on drilling mud (Baba Hamed and Belhadri 2009). The good knowledge of the fluid rheological properties as well as the comprehension of physico-chemical interactions in these charged colloidal systems is precious elements to adapt the fluid composition to the drilling conditions. Today’s literature (API 1996; Gray et al. 1980; Baba Hamed and Belhadri 2009) is rich in contributions treating, from one hand, rheological and colloidal properties of clay suspensions (with and without additives) and, on the other hand, the nature of the interactions between their components (Khodja et al. 2010; Simpson et al. 1994; Durand et al. 1995; Schlemmer et al. 2002). Nevertheless, the relationship between the rheological and the physico-chemical properties of these suspensions has been well established, mainly for the clay–anionic polymers mixtures often used the drilling fluids formulation (Khodja et al. 2010; Amorina et al. 2004; Kok and Alikaya 2003; Kok and Alikaya 2005). Many previous research studies have shown the effectiveness of some biopolymers as filtration control agent for drilling mud (Baba Hamed and Belhadri 2009; Pérez et al. 2004; Mahto and Sharma 2004). Moreover, in other studies initiated on drilling muds containing water-based bentonite, the results show that the presence of bentonite can modify the physico-chemical and rheological properties (Caenn and Chillingar 1996; Zhang et al. 1999a, b). It results in that the action and the nature of some biopolymers deserve study. Also, it was suggested by some authors, to study the stability of the suspensions containing the complicated system (clay-water-polymer). However, it is difficult to graft two groups using this process, especially, when one is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic in one reaction because they need different solvents.
For this, the main objective of this work is to study the polymer action (type CMC and PAC) on the physico-chemical and rheological properties of water-based mud, in order to see the nature effect of the polymer used and theirs physico-chemical and rheological behavior in the geological conditions of a well.
Process of preparing a well drilling fluid Download PDFInfo
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- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/05—Aqueous well-drilling compositions containing inorganic compounds only, e.g. mixtures of clay and salt
- Composition Properties Oil Well Drilling Fluids 4th Edition Pdf
Patent Citations (4)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title US2730539A (en) * 1951-05-21 1956-01-10 Swift & Co Soap manufacture US2783201A (en) * 1953-07-27 1957-02-26 Columbia Southern Chem Corp Process of preparing a dry composition containing an alkali metal hydroxide and a tannin containing material Cited By (13)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title US6534570B2 (en) 1995-11-07 2003-03-18 Southern Clay Products, Inc. Organoclay compositions for gelling unsaturated polyester resin systems US5837654A (en) * 1997-05-06 1998-11-17 Southern Clay Products, Inc. High temperature environmentally benign drilling fluid, and viscosifying additives for use therewith US6787592B1 (en) 1999-10-21 2004-09-07 Southern Clay Products, Inc. Organoclay compositions prepared from ester quats and composites based on the compositions US20060099128A1 (en) * 2002-06-21 2006-05-11 Andrews Alan W Synthetic magnesium silicate compositions and process for the production thereof US20050090584A1 (en) * 2003-10-23 2005-04-28 Powell Clois E. Preparation of rubber compositions with organoclays US20060199889A1 (en) * 2005-03-02 2006-09-07 Hunter Douglas L Silanated clay compositions and methods for making and using silanated clay compositions US3346488A (en) Deflocculation of solid materials in aqueous medium US5370185A (en) Mud solidification with slurry of portland cement in oil US2427683A (en) Retarded cement and method of making US4532330A (en) Process for producing densified halogenated dimethylhydantoins JP3110428B2 (en) Suspension and its manufacturing method of a water-soluble polymer EP1161404B1 (en) Calcined gypsum hydration enhancing additives LT4352B (en) Method for manufacture of products containing disalts of formic acid US3329517A (en) Cement additives composed of ethanolamine salts US2307253A (en) Process for the production of noncaking fertilizer materials NL7920068A (en) A process for the operation of source-wells. US4425244A (en) Organophilic clay gellants US3816148A (en) Composition and process for strengthening and sealing geological formations and strata in mining and deep drilling US4118246A (en) Process for producing clay slurries
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Patented Mar. 27, 1962 3,027,322 PROCESS OF PREPARING A WELL DRILLING FLUID Harry S. Stuchell, John W. Jordan, and Richard E. Ofteman, Houston, Tex., assignors to National Lead Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Filed July 21, 1958, Ser. No. 749,637 6 Claims. (Cl. 252-85) This invention relates to a method of preparing a composition suitable for use in treating oil well drilling fluids such as are employed in the rotary method of drilling. More particularly, this invention relates to the preparation of a composition useful in controlling the viscosity of oil well drilling fluids.
It has been known for many years that tannin and humic acid containing materials and compositions prepared therefrom can be added to oil well drilling fluids to control certain of their physical properties including viscosity, gel strength and filtration rate. The use of mixtures of humic acid containing materials and caustic soda for treating drilling fluids was taught, for example, in an early article by H. C. Lawton et al. published in the May 1932 issue of Physics. The usual way in which these drilling fluid treating compositions have been prepared is by treating a relatively dilute water slurry of ground lignite or other humic acid containing material with a solution of caustic soda. In commercial practice, this method of preparing these compositions has some obvious disadvantages, including the problems of handling large volumes of caustic solution and the necessity of evaporating large volumes of water from the reacted mixture in order to obtain a dry composition capable of being easily handled.
Previous attempts to produce drilling fluid treating compositions from lignite or other humic acid containing materials and caustic soda by a dry processing technique have been unsuccessful due largely to a failure to appreciate the necessity for controlling the moisture content of the starting material and the reaction mixtures. When too much moisture was present a semi-plastic mass formed which could not be handled in conventional types of mixing equipment. When too little moisture was present reaction did not take place and the resulting composition was a physical mixture of discrete particles of unreacted lignite and caustic soda. Such an unreacted mixture containing raw caustic soda presents a definite health hazard. This hazard is particularly apparent from the very irritating dust which is formed when the unreacted product is ground. The dust resulting from the addition of ground unreacted material to a drilling fluid is also quite objectionable. By means of the present invention the disadvantages inherent in handling large volumes of aqueous liquid are effectively avoided and the failure encountered in prior art attempts to develop a dry processing technique are overcome.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel and economical process for preparing an alkali metal-humic acid reaction product capable of reducing the viscosity of oil well drilling fluids.
Another object of the invention is to provide an alkali metal-humic acid reaction product produced by a dry processing technique that is capable of effectively controlling the viscosity of oil well drilling fluids.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel and economical process for preparing an alkali metal-humic acid reaction product which avoids the necessity of handling large volumes of aqueous liquids while producing a product that is not subject to dusting during normal handling.-
In its broadest aspect the present invention contemplates a process for preparing a composition useful for reducing the viscosity of well drilling fluids which comprises mixing together pulverulent humic acid containing material, e.g. lignite, having a selected moisture content between about 10 percent and 22 percent by weight with solid, pulverulent alkali metal hydroxide, simultaneously by mechanical means agitating and conveying said mixture along a substantially longitudinal axis as in a screw type conveyor for a period of time sufficient to substantially complete the reaction between the alkali metal hydroxide and the humic acid, and withdrawing the reaction product from the agitating and conveying means.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of our invention, two to four parts by weight of a crude naturally occurring lignite that has been dried to contain approximately 18 percent moisture is mixed with one part by weight of dry granular caustic soda; the mixing operation being conducted in suitable mixing equipment which produces gentle but thorough mixing while imparting movement of the reaction mixture toward a discharge point. We have found that a lignite caustic soda mixture such as described above can be conveniently reacted on a continuous basis by the use of a slow turning standard screw conveyor. Open trough screw conveyors of the continuous, double flight or interrupted screw type are all satisfactory equipment for use in the practice of our invention. We have found that approximately sixty feet of screw conveyor is necessary to assure thorough mixing and reaction of the lignite and caustic soda. A screw conveyor of any size can be used in the practice of our invention depending upon the production capacity desired. We have found that a conveyor equipped with an eight inch diameter screw will permit us to produce approximately one ton of reacted product per hour. Predetermined proportions of the reactants can be continuously introduced at one end of the screw conveyor and a finished reacted product ready for packaging emerges from the other end of the conveyor. By adjusting the speed of the rotation of the screw and the depth of material in the conveyor, the heat of reaction and the retention time of the materials in the conveyor can be regulated to assure complete reaction of the mixture by the time it reaches the far end of the conveyor.
We have found that it is desirable to operate the screw at a speed between fifteen and thirty-five r.p.m. If the rotational speed of the screw is increased substantially above this limit the reaction is accelerated to such an extent that the reaction mixture becomes a soupy-semiplastic mass that is very difficult to move in a screw conveyor. Furthermore, if the speed of rotation of the screw is substantially greater than thirty-five rpm. the reactants will not have a sufficiently long retention time in the screw conveyor to assure complete reaction and still afford an opportunity for the reaction product to cool down to a suitable temperature for packaging by the time it reaches the end of the conveyor. On the other hand a speed of rotation of the screw much below fifteen r.p.m. will substantially reduce the amount of material which can be processed in a given piece of equipment. In general we have found that it is desirable to have a material retention time between twenty and thirty minutes from the time the reactants are introduced into one end of the screw convoyer until the reacted product is discharged at the far end thereof.
Various modifications of conventional screw conveyors or other continuous mixing devices may also be employed in reacting lignite and caustic soda on a continuous basis. However, for simplicity and eflicient handling of materials, a conventional open trough continuous screw conveyor is the preferred equipment to be used in the practice of our invention. In general it will be desirable to position the screw conveyor at a slight angle which will require the reaction mixture to be moved up a gradual incline as it progresses towards the discharge end of the conveyor. However, under some circumstances it may prove to be advantageous to arrange one or more sections of the conveyor in an essentially horizontal position.
Any of the alkali metal hydroxides are suitable for use in carrying out this invention but because of economy and ready availability we prefer the use of sodium hydroxide. The alkali metal hydroxides useful in the practice of this invention can be anhydrous; however, this is not a requirement of the alkali metal hydroxide employed in our process. Commercially available granular, powdered or flake caustic soda, normally containing 90 percent or more NaOH has been found to be quite suitable for carrying out our invention. The term dry as used in reference to alkali metal hydroxides in the accompanying examples and claims is intended to include commercial grades of such materials even though they may contain some moisture.
The humic acid containing materials which can be advantageously processed according to our invention to produce an eflicient drilling fluid treating composition are the carboniferous minerals that are rich in alkali extractable humic acid; such minerals include peat, lignite, lignite shale, and Weathered lignite.
The amount of alkali metal hydroxide used will vary according to the degree of alkalinity desired in the product for treating specific well drilling compositions. The alkali metal hydroxide used is, however, normally in excess to that required to react with the tannin or humic acid present in the reactant, the most preferred proportions of the reactants varying between two and four parts by weight of tannin or humic acid containing material to one part alkali metal hydroxide.
The following examples are olfered as evidence of the simplicity of the contemplated process for producing an eflicient, easily handled drilling fluid treating composition.
Example I Four parts by weight of crude, ground, weathered lignite mined in North Dakota and dried to contain approximately 16% moisture was mixed with one part by weight of commercial grade powdered caustic soda in an open trough screw conveyor. The reactants were fed on a continuous basis into one end of a sixty foot screw conveyor, six inches in diameter, whose screw speed was regulated to permit a retention time of the materials in the conveyor of approximately twenty minutes. Reaction of the components of the mixture was evident by the evolution of heat and water vapor. The reaction mixture developed a crumbly, granular consistency during its travel along the conveyor resulting in a substantially dry product which could be directly packaged without further treatment. It possessed high thinning efficiency when introduced directly to conventional aqueous base drilling fluids.
Example 11 Two and three tenths parts by weight of ground crude weathered lignite, calculated on a dry basis, was mixed with one part by weight of dry flaked caustic soda using an open trough continuous screw conveyor. The weathered lignite had been previously dried to contain approximately 20% moisture. Reaction of the components was evident by the evolution of heat and water vapor. The reactants were fed on a continuous basis into one end of a screw conveyor of the type described in Example I to produce a granular product that was an eificieut drilling mud thinner.
The drilling fluid treating composition described in this example was tested for thinning efiiciency in a drilling fluid in comparison with an equal portion of the unreacted lignite and caustic soda used in preparing the composition. The samples were evaluated in a drilling fluid containing twenty-five pounds of high grade bentonite clay per barrel of aqueous fluid in accordance with suggested procedure A-IV set out in API, RP 29, Fourth Edition, May, 1957. The following values were obtained.
Viscosity of the Drilling Fluid as Measured at 600 r.p.m. with a Standard Stormer Viseometer, centipoises Sample After 16 Initial hours roll- Test ing at (1) Drilling fluid with no additive 32 44 (2) N o. 1 plus 0.10 gram of caustic soda and 0.25
gram lignite per 350 ml. of drilling fluid 28 42 (3) N o. 1 plus 0.20 gram of caustic soda and 0.50
gram lignite per 350 ml. of drilling fluid. 26 34 (4) No. 1 plus 0.35 gram of the reacted product prepared in accordance with this example per 350 ml. of drilling fluid (Product contained 0.10 g. caustic soda 0.25 g. lignite) 27 40 (5) No. 1 plus 0.70 gram of the reacted product prepared in accordance with this example per 350 ml. of drilling fluid (Product contained 0.20 gram caustic soda 0.50 g. lignite) 24 31 As can be seen from the above values, the reacted composition, samples 4 and 5, made in accordance with our invention is a more eflicient thinner for oil Well drilling fluids than an equivalent amount of the unreacted components, samples 2 and 3.
While our invention has been described and illustrated in terms of specific examples, it is not intended to be strictly limited thereto and other modifications and variations may be employed within the scope of the following claims.
Having described our invention, we claim:
1. A process of preparing a drilling fluid treating com position comprising simultaneously introducing on a uniform continuous basis between two and four parts by weight of a material containing a substantial proportion of humic acid and having between 10 and 22 percent moisture, and one part by weight of a dry alkali metal hydroxide into one end of a screw conveyor, regulating the depth of material in the conveyor and the speed of rotation of the screw to obtain complete reaction of the material during its travel along said conveyor to obtain a dry granular product.
2. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the humic acid containing material is weathered lignite.
3. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is caustic soda.
4. A process of preparing a drilling fluid treating composition which comprises mixing together pulverulent material containing a substantial proportion of humic acid and having a selected moisture content between about 10 percent and 22 percent by weight with solid, pulverulent alkali metal hydroxide, simultaneously by screw conveyor means agitating and conveying said mixture along a substantially longitudinal axis, and regulating the rate of addition of said mixture to said screw conveyor means, and the rate of agitation and conveyance so that the reaction between the alkali metal hydroxide and the humic acid is substantially complete by the time the said mixture leaves the said screw conveyor means.
5. A process in accordance with claim 4, in which the material containing humic acid is lignite.
6. A process in accordance with claim 4 in which the alkali-metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,626,856 Alles Jan. 27, 1953 2,650,197 Rahn Aug. 25, 1953 2,730,539 Bradford Jan. 10, 1956 2,783,201 Rahn Feb. 26, 1957 OTHER REFERENCES Riegel: Industrial Chemistry, fourth ed., 1942, Reinhold Pub. Corp., N.Y., pages 586 and 588.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US749637AUS3027322A (en) | 1958-07-21 | 1958-07-21 | Process of preparing a well drilling fluid |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| US749637AExpired - LifetimeUS3027322A (en) | 1958-07-21 | 1958-07-21 | Process of preparing a well drilling fluid |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4359339A (en) * | 1980-12-16 | 1982-11-16 | Nl Industries, Inc. | Bentonite clay and water soluble aluminum salt compositions |
| US6534570B2 (en) | 1995-11-07 | 2003-03-18 | Southern Clay Products, Inc. | Organoclay compositions for gelling unsaturated polyester resin systems |
| US6787592B1 (en) | 1999-10-21 | 2004-09-07 | Southern Clay Products, Inc. | Organoclay compositions prepared from ester quats and composites based on the compositions |
| US20050090584A1 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2005-04-28 | Powell Clois E. | Preparation of rubber compositions with organoclays |
| US20060099128A1 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2006-05-11 | Andrews Alan W | Synthetic magnesium silicate compositions and process for the production thereof |
| US20060199889A1 (en) * | 2005-03-02 | 2006-09-07 | Hunter Douglas L | Silanated clay compositions and methods for making and using silanated clay compositions |
| US2626856A (en) * | 1948-06-22 | 1953-01-27 | American Viscose Corp | Gas-solid extrusion reactor |
| US2730539A (en) * | 1951-05-21 | 1956-01-10 | Swift & Co | Soap manufacture |