9/11 conspiracy theories are conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than. InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. RebelMouse is the best CMS 2017 and #1 Wordpress VIP alternative. See what makes us so fast, and why you should re-platform with us today.

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There are many conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than, or in addition to, al-Qaeda^[1] including that there was advance knowledge of the attacks among high-level government officials. Government investigations and independent reviews have rejected these theories.^[2][3] Proponents of these theories assert that there are inconsistencies in the commonly accepted version, or evidence that was either ignored or overlooked.^[4]

The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the collapse of the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center were the result of controlled demolitions rather than structural failure due to impact and fire.^[5][6] Another prominent belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government^[7][8] or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective stand-down of the American military. Possible motives claimed by conspiracy theorists for such actions include justifying the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq (even though the U.S. government concluded Iraq was not involved in the attacks)^[9] to advance their geostrategic interests, such as plans to construct a natural gas pipeline through Afghanistan.^[10] Other conspiracy theories revolve around authorities having advance knowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignoring or assisting the attackers.^[4][11][12]

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the technology magazine Popular Mechanics have investigated and rejected the claims made by 9/11 conspiracy theorists.^[13][14][15] The 9/11 Commission and most of the civil engineering community accept that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, not controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers,^[16][17] but some groups disagree with the arguments made by NIST and Popular Mechanics, including Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth.^[18][19]

• 4Theories
  • 4.1Foreknowledge
  • 4.6Foreign governments
• 5Cover-up allegations
• 6Motives
• 8Proponents

Background

9/11 conspiracy theorists reject one or both of the following facts about the 9/11 attacks:

• Al-Qaeda suicide operatives hijacked and crashed United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 11 into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, and crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon. The impact and resulting fires caused the collapse of the Twin Towers and the destruction and damage of other buildings in the World Trade Center complex. The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of the airliner and the resulting fire. The hijackers also crashed a fourth plane into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers and flight crew attempted to regain control of the aircraft.^[22]
• Pre-attack warnings of varying detail of the planned attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda were ignored due to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of interagency communication, the 9/11 report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that caused scandals during that era, most notably the Watergate scandal. The report faulted both the Clinton and the Bush administrations with 'failure of imagination.'^[23]

This consensus view is backed by various sources, including:

• The reports from government investigations – the 9/11 Commission Report (that incorporated intelligence information from the earlier FBI investigation (PENTTBOM) and the Joint Inquiry of 2002), and the studies into building performance carried out by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)^[24] and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)^[13]
• Investigations by non-government organizations that support the accepted account – such as those by scientists at Purdue University.^[3][25]
• Articles supporting these facts and theories appearing in magazines such as Popular Mechanics, Scientific American, and Time.^[15]
• Similar articles in news media throughout the World, including The Times of India,^[26] the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC),^[27] the BBC,^[28]Le Monde,^[29]Deutsche Welle,^[30] the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC),^[31] and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.^[32]

History

Since the attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have been put forward in Web sites, books, and films. Many groups and individuals advocating 9/11 conspiracy theories identify as part of the 9/11 Truth movement.^[33][34][35] Within six hours of the attack, a suggestion appeared on an Internet chat room suggesting that the collapse of the towers looked like an act of controlled demolition. 'If, in a few days, not one official has mentioned anything about the controlled demolition part,' the author wrote, 'I think we have a REALLY serious problem.'^[36] The first theories that emerged focused primarily on various perceived anomalies in the publicly available evidence, and proponents later developed more specific theories about an alleged plot.^[10] One false allegation that was widely circulated by e-mail and on the Web is that not a single Jew had been killed in the attack and that therefore the attacks must have been the work of the Mossad, not Islamic terrorists.^[10] Similar e-mail narratives claimed that all Arab taxi drivers were absent in downtown Manhattan that morning.

The first elaborated theories appeared in Europe. One week after the attacks, the 'inside job' theory was the subject of a thesis by a researcher from the French National Centre for Scientific Research published in Le Monde. Other theories sprang from the far corners of the globe within weeks.^[37] Six months after the attacks, Thierry Meyssan's piece on 9/11, L'Effroyable Imposture, topped the French bestseller list. Its publication in English (as 9/11: The Big Lie) received little attention, but it remains one of the principal sources for 'trutherism'.^[38] 2003 saw the publication of The CIA and September 11 by former German state minister Andreas von Bülow and Operation 9/11 by the German journalist Gerhard Wisnewski; both books are published by Mathias Bröckers, who was at the time an editor at the German newspaper Die Tageszeitung.^[10]

While these theories were popular in Europe, they were treated by the U.S. media with either bafflement or amusement, and they were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.^[39][40] In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, President George W. Bush denounced the emergence of 'outrageous conspiracy theories [..] that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty.'^[41]

The 9/11 conspiracy theories started out mostly in the political left but have broadened into what New York magazine describes as 'terra incognita where left and right meet, fusing sixties countercultural distrust with the don't-tread-on-me variety'.^[42]

By 2004, conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks began to gain ground in the United States. One explanation is that the rise in popularity stemmed more from growing criticism of the Iraq War and the newly re-elected President George W. Bush than from any discovery of new or more compelling evidence or an improvement in the technical quality of the presentation of the theories.^[10]Knight Ridder news theorized that revelations that weapons of mass destruction did not exist in Iraq, the belated release of the President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001, and reports that NORAD had lied to the 9/11 Commission, may have fueled the conspiracy theories.^[10]

Between 2004 and the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2006, mainstream coverage of the conspiracy theories increased.^[10] The U.S. government issued a formal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the collapse of the World Trade Center.^[43] To address the growing publicity of the theories, the State Department revised a webpage in 2006 to debunk them.^[44] A 2006 national security strategy paper declared that terrorism springs from 'subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation,' and that 'terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda.'^[45] Al-Qaeda has repeatedly claimed responsibility for the attacks, with chief deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri accusing ShiaIran and Hezbollah of denigrating Sunni successes in hurting America by intentionally starting rumors that Israel carried out the attacks.^{[46][47][48][49][50][51]}

Some of the conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks do not involve representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent; instead, they call up gradations of negligence and complicity. Matthias Bröckers, an early proponent of such theories, dismisses the commonly accepted account of the September 11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks 'to reduce complexity, disentangle what is confusing,' and 'explain the inexplicable'.^[10]

Just before the fifth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released a flurry of articles on the growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories,^[52] with an article in Time stating that '[t]his is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality.'^[11][53] Several surveys have included questions about beliefs related to the September 11 attacks. In 2008, 9/11 conspiracy theories topped a 'greatest conspiracy theory' list compiled by The Daily Telegraph. The list was ranked by following and traction.^[54][55]

In 2010, the 'International Center for 9/11 Studies,' a private organization that is said to be sympathetic to conspiracy theories,^[56] successfully sued for the release of videos collected by NIST of the attacks and aftermath.^[56][57][58] According to the German daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the videos that were published shortly before the ninth anniversary of the attacks provide 'new food for conspiracy theorists.' Many of the videos show images of 7 World Trade Center, a skyscraper in the vicinity of the WTC towers that also collapsed on September 11, 2001.^[57] Eyewitnesses have repeatedly reported explosions happening before the collapse of both of the towers, while experts consider these theories to be unreasonable.^[56]

9/11 truth figures Steven E. Jones and Mike Berger have further added that the death of Osama bin Laden^[59] did not change their questions about the attacks, nor provide closure.^[60]

According to writer Jeremy Stahl, since Bush left office, the overall number of believers in 9/11 conspiracy theories has dipped, while the number of people who believe in the most 'radical' theories has held fairly steady.^[61]

Types

The most prominent conspiracy theories can be broadly divided into three main forms:

• LIHOP ('Let it happen on purpose') – suggests that key individuals within the government had at least some foreknowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignored it or actively weakened United States' defenses to ensure the hijacked flights were not intercepted.^[4][11][12]Similar allegations were made about Pearl Harbor.
• MIHOP ('Make/Made it happen on purpose') – that key individuals within the government planned the attacks and collaborated with, or framed, al-Qaeda in carrying them out. There is a range of opinions about how this might have been achieved.^[4][11][12]
• Others – who reject the accepted account of the September 11 attacks are not proposing specific theories, but try to demonstrate that the U.S. government's account of the events is wrong. This, according to them, would lead to a general call for a new official investigation into the events of September 11, 2001. According to Jonathan Kay, managing editor for comment at the Canadian newspaper National Post^[62] and author of the Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground,^[63] 'They feel their job is to show everybody that the official theory of 9/11 is wrong. And then, when everybody is convinced, then the population will rise up and demand a new investigation with government resources, and that investigation will tell us what actually happened.'^[64]

Theories

Foreknowledge

Conspiracy theorists claim that action or inaction by U.S. officials with foreknowledge was intended to ensure that the attacks took place successfully. For example, Michael Meacher, former British environment minister and member of Tony Blair's government, said that the United States knowingly failed to prevent the attacks.^[65][66]

Suspected insider trading

Some conspiracy theorists maintain that just before 9/11, an 'extraordinary' amount of put options were placed on United Airlines and American Airlines stocks and speculate that insiders may have known in advance of the coming events of 9/11 and placed their bets accordingly. An analysis into the possibility of insider trading on 9/11 concludes that:

A measure of abnormal long put volume was also examined and seen to be at abnormally high levels in the days leading up to the attacks. Consequently, the paper concludes that there is evidence of unusual option market activity in the days leading up to September 11 that is consistent with investors trading on advance knowledge of the attacks.^[67]

—Allen M. Poteshman, The Journal of Business

This study was intended to address the 'great deal of speculation about whether option market activity indicated that the terrorists or their associates had traded in the days leading up to September 11 on advance knowledge of the impending attacks.'^[68]

In the days leading up to 9/11, analysis shows a rise in the put to call ratio for United Airlines and American Airlines, the two airlines from which planes were hijacked on 9/11. Between September 6 and 7, the Chicago Board Options Exchange recorded purchases of 4,744 'put' option contracts in UAL and 396 call options. On September 10, more trading in Chicago saw the purchase of 4,516 put options in American Airlines, the other airline involved in the hijackings, with a mere 748 call options in American purchased that day. No other airline companies has unusual put to call ratio in the days leading up to the attacks.^[69] The 9/11 Commission concluded that all these abnormal patterns in trading were coincidental.^[70]

Insurance companies saw anomalous trading activities as well. Citigroup Inc., which has estimated that its Travelers Insurance unit may pay $500 million in claims from the World Trade Center attack, had about 45 times the normal volume during three trading days before the attack for options that profit, if the stock falls below $40. Citigroup shares fell $1.25 in late trading to $38.09. Morgan Stanley, which occupied 22 floors at the World Trade Center, experienced bigger-than-normal pre-attack trading of options that profited when stock prices fell. Other companies directly affected by the tragedy had similar jumps.^[71]

Raytheon, a defense contractor, had an anomalously high number of call options trading on September 10. A Raytheon option that makes money, if shares are more than $25 each had 232 options contracts traded on the day before the attacks, almost six times the total number of trades that had occurred before that day.^{[citation needed]}

The initial options were bought through at least two brokerage firms, including NFS, a subsidiary of Fidelity Investments, and TD Waterhouse. It was estimated that the trader or traders would have realized a five million dollar profit. The Securities and Exchange Commission launched an insider trading investigation in which Osama bin Laden was a suspect after receiving information from at least one Wall Street Firm.^[72]

The 9/11 Commission Report concluded that 'Exhaustive investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, FBI, and other agencies have uncovered no evidence that anyone with advance knowledge of the attacks profited through securities transactions.'^[73] The report further stated:

Highly publicized allegations of insider trading in advance of 9/11 generally rest on reports of unusual pre-9/11 trading activity in companies whose stock plummeted after the attacks. Some unusual trading did in fact occur, but each such trade proved to have an innocuous explanation. For example, the volume of put options — investments that pay off only when a stock drops in price — surged in the parent companies of United Airlines on September 6 and American Airlines on September 10 — highly suspicious trading on its face. Yet, further investigation has revealed that the trading had no connection with 9/11. A single U.S.-based institutional investor with no conceivable ties to al Qaeda purchased 95 percent of the UAL puts on September 6 as part of a trading strategy that also included buying 115,000 shares of American on September 10. Similarly, much of the seemingly suspicious trading in American on September 10 was traced to a specific U.S.-based options trading newsletter, faxed to its subscribers on Sunday, September 9, which recommended these trades. These examples typify the evidence examined by the investigation. The SEC and the FBI, aided by other agencies and the securities industry, devoted enormous resources to investigating this issue, including securing the cooperation of many foreign governments. These investigators have found that the apparently suspicious consistently proved innocuous.^[74]

Air defense stand down theory

A common claim among conspiracy theorists is that the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) issued a stand down order or deliberately scrambled fighters late to allow the hijacked airplanes to reach their targets without interference. According to this theory, NORAD had the capability of locating and intercepting planes on 9/11, and its failure to do so indicates a government conspiracy to allow the attacks to occur.^[75] Conspiracy theorist Mark R. Elsis says: 'There is only one explanation for this .. Our Air Force was ordered to Stand Down on 9/11.'^[2][76]

One of the first actions taken by the hijackers on 9/11 was to turn off or disable each of the four aircraft's on board transponders. Without these transponder signals to identify the airplane's tail number, altitude, and speed, the hijacked airplanes would have been only blips among 4,500 other blips on NORAD's radar screens, making them very difficult to track.^[77][75]

On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD.^[78] A passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979.^[79] 'They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us,' says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a chartered Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19 minutes.^[80]

Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). 'Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ,' says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent.^[2]

The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania.^[81]

Israeli agents

It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot of an apartment building, for 'puzzling behavior.' The Israelis were videotaping the events, and one bystander said they acted in a suspicious manner: 'They were like happy, you know .. They didn't look shocked to me. I thought it was very strange.'^[82][83][84] While The Forward, a New York Jewish news magazine, reported that the FBI concluded that two of the men were Israeli intelligence operatives, a spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in the United States said that they had not been involved in any intelligence operation in the United States.^[82] The FBI eventually concluded that the five Israelis had no foreknowledge of the attacks.^[85]

World Trade Center

The plane crashes and resulting fires caused the collapse of the World Trade Center. Controlled demolition conspiracy theories say the collapse of the North Tower, South Tower, or of 7 World Trade Center was caused by explosives installed in the buildings in advance.

Demolition theory proponents, such as Brigham Young University physicist Steven E. Jones, architect Richard Gage, software engineer Jim Hoffman, and theologian David Ray Griffin, argue that the aircraft impacts and resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings sufficiently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional factors weakening the structures.

In the article 'Active Thermotic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe', which appeared in the Open Chemical Physics Journal, authors Niels Harrit of the University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry, Jeffrey Farrer of Brigham Young University's Department of Physics and Astronomy, Steven E. Jones, and others state that thermite and nano-thermite composites in the dust and debris were found following the collapse of the three buildings. The article contained no scientific rebuttal and the editor in chief of the publication subsequently resigned.^[86][87][88]

Jones has not explained how the amount of explosive needed to bring down the buildings could have been positioned in the two buildings without drawing attention, but mentioned efforts to research the buildings' maintenance activity in the weeks prior to the event. Federal investigators at the National Institute of Standards and Technology state that enormous quantities of thermite would have to be applied to the structural columns to damage them, but Jones disputed this, saying that he and others were investigating 'superthermite'.^[86] Brent Blanchard, author of 'A History of Explosive Demolition in America',^[89] who corresponded with Jones, states that questions about the viability of Jones' theories remain unanswered, such as the fact that no demolition personnel noticed any telltale signs of thermite during the eight months of debris removal following the towers' collapse. Blanchard also said that a verifiable chain of possession needs to be established for the tested beams, which did not occur with the beams Jones tested, raising questions of whether the metal pieces tested could have been cut away from the debris pile with acetylene torches, shears, or other potentially contaminated equipment while on site, or exposed to trace amounts of thermite or other compounds while being handled, while in storage, or while being transferred from Ground Zero to memorial sites.

Jones also said that molten steel found in the rubble was evidence of explosives, as an ordinary airplane fire would not generate enough heat to produce this, citing photographs of red debris being removed by construction equipment, but Blanchard said that if there had been any molten steel in the rubble any excavation equipment encountering it would have been immediately damaged.^[86] Other sampling of the pulverized dust by United States Geological Survey and RJ Lee did not report any evidence of thermite or explosives. It has been theorized the 'thermite material' found was primer paint.^[90] Dave Thomas of Skeptical Inquirer magazine, noting that the residue in question was claimed to be thermotic because of its iron oxide and aluminum composition, pointed out that these substances are found in many items common to the towers. Thomas said that in order to cut through a vertical steel beam, special high-temperature containment must be added to prevent the molten iron from dropping down, and that the thermite reaction is too slow for it to be practically used in building demolition. Thomas pointed out that when Jesse Ventura hired New Mexico Tech to conduct a demonstration showing nanothermite slicing through a large steel beam, the nanothermite produced copious flame and smoke but no damage to the beam, even though it was in a horizontal, and therefore optimal position.^[91]

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) concluded the accepted version was more than sufficient to explain the collapse of the buildings. NIST and many scientists refuse to debate conspiracy theorists because they feel it would give those theories unwarranted credibility.^[92] Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering accept the model of a fire-induced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade Center buildings without the use of explosives.^[93][94][95] As a result, NIST said that it did not perform any test for the residue of explosive compounds of any kind in the debris.^[43]

Soon after the day of the attacks, major media sources published that the towers had collapsed due to heat melting the steel.^[96][97]Knowledge that the burning temperatures of jet fuel would not melt the steel support structure of the WTC contributed to the belief among skeptics that the towers would not have collapsed without external interference (something other than the planes). NIST does not claim that the steel was melted, but rather that the weakened steel, together with the damage caused by the planes' impacts, caused the collapses.^[43] NIST reported that a simulation model based on the assumption that combustible vapors burned immediately upon mixing with the incoming oxygen showed that 'at any given location, the duration of [gas] temperatures near 1,000 °C was about 15 to 20 [minutes]. The rest of the time, the calculated temperatures were 500 °C or below.'^[98]

Since 9/11, at least two steel-framed high-rise buildings have collapsed following blazes — the Plasco Building in Tehran, Iran on January 19, 2017,^[99][100] and the Wilton Paes de Almeida Building in São Paulo, Brazil, on May 1, 2018.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Pentagon

Political activist Thierry Meyssan and filmmaker Dylan Avery claim that American Airlines Flight 77 did not crash into the Pentagon. Instead, they argue that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government. Some claim that the holes in the Pentagon walls were far too small to have been made by a Boeing 757: 'How does a plane 125 ft. wide and 155 ft. long fit into a hole which is only 60 ft. across?' Meyssan's book, L'Effroyable Imposture (published in English as 9/11: The Big Lie) became available in more than a dozen languages. When released, the book was heavily criticized by both the mainstream French and American press, and later, from within the 9/11 Truth movement. The French newspaper Liberation called the book 'a tissue of wild and irresponsible allegations, entirely without foundation.'^{[106][107][108]}

In response to the conspiracy theorists' claim of a missile hitting the Pentagon, Mete Sozen, a professor of civil engineering at Purdue University argues that: 'A crashing jet doesn't punch a cartoon-like outline of itself into a reinforced concrete building. When Flight 77 hit the Pentagon, one wing hit the ground and the other was sheared off by the Pentagon's load-bearing columns.'^[106][109] According to ArchitectureWeek, the reason the Pentagon took relatively little damage from the impact was because Wedge One had recently been renovated.^[110] (This was part of a renovation program which had been begun in the 1980s, and Wedge One was the first of five to be renovated.^[111])

Evidence contradicting some conspiracy theorists' claim of a missile hitting the Pentagon have been described by researchers within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such as Jim Hoffman, in his essay 'The Pentagon Attack: What the Physical Evidence Shows', and by others broadly refuting the role of other conspiracies in the attacks. The evidence refuting missile claims includes airplane debris including Flight 77's black boxes,^[112] the nose cone, landing gear,^[113] an airplane tire,^[114] and an intact cockpit seat^[115] were observed at the crash site. The remains of passengers from Flight 77 were indeed found at the Pentagon crash site and their identities confirmed by DNA analysis.^[116] Many eyewitnesses saw the plane strike the Pentagon. Further, Flight 77 passengers made phone calls reporting that their airplane had been hijacked. For example, passenger Renee May called her mother to tell her that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers had been herded to the back of the plane. Another passenger named Barbara Olson called her husband (U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson) and said that the flight had been hijacked, and that the hijackers had knives and box cutters.^{[8][106][117][118]} Some conspiracy theories say the phone calls the passengers made were fabricated by voice morphing, the passengers' bodies disposed of, and a missile fired at the Pentagon.^{[119][120][121]}

The pressure group Judicial Watch filed a Freedom of Information Act request on December 15, 2004, to force the government to release video recordings from the Sheraton National Hotel, the Nexcomm/Citgo gas station, Pentagon security cameras and the Virginia Department of Transportation. On May 16, 2006, the government released the Pentagon security camera videos to Judicial Watch.^[122] The image of American Airlines Flight 77 which appears in the videos has been described as '[a] white blob' and 'a white streak' (by the BBC),^[123] 'a thin white blur' (by The Associated Press),^[124] and 'a silver speck low to the ground' (in The Washington Post).^[125] A sequence of five frames from one of the videos already appeared in the media in 2002.^[126] Some conspiracy theorists believe the new video does not answer their questions.^[127]

Flight 93

The fourth plane hijacked on 9/11, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in an open field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after the passengers revolted. Out of the four planes hijacked on that day, Flight 93 was the only one not to reach its target.^[128]

One of the popular conspiracy theories surrounding this event is that Flight 93 was actually shot down by a U.S. fighter jet. David Ray Griffin and Alex Jones say that large parts of the plane including the main body of the engine landed miles away from the main wreckage site, too far away for an ordinary plane crash. Jones says that planes usually leave a small debris field when they crash, and that this is not compatible with reports of wreckage found farther away from the main crash site. One person claimed that the main body of the engine was found miles away from the main wreckage site with damage comparable to that which a heat-seeking missile would do to an airliner.^[106][128]

According to some theories, the plane had to be shot down by the government because passengers had found out about the alleged plot.^[76]

According to Phil Molé of Skeptic magazine, '[this] claim rests largely on unsupported assertions that the main body of the engine and other large parts of the plane turned up miles from the main wreckage site, too far away to have resulted from an ordinary crash. This claim is incorrect, because the engine was found only 300 yards from the main crash site, and its location was consistent with the direction in which the plane had been traveling.'^[129] Michael K. Hynes, an airline accident expert who investigated the crash of TWA Flight 800 in 1996, says that, at very high velocities of 500 mph or more, it would only take a few seconds to move or tumble across the ground for 300 yards.^[106][129]

Reports of wreckage discovered at Indian Lake by local residents are accurate. CNN reported that investigators found debris from the crash at least eight miles away from the crash site, including in New Baltimore.^[130] However, according to CNN, this debris was all very light material that the wind would have easily blown away, and a Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article from September 14, 2001, describes the material as 'mostly papers', 'strands of charred insulation', and an 'endorsed paycheck'. The same article quotes FBI agent Bill Crowley that, 'Lighter, smaller debris probably shot into the air on the heat of a fireball that witnesses said shot several hundred feet into the air after the jetliner crashed. Then, it probably rode a wind that was blowing southeast at about 9 m.p.h.'^[131] Also, the distance between the crash site and Indian Lake was misreported in some accounts. According to the BBC, 'In a straight line, Indian Lake is just over a mile from the crash site. The road between the two locations takes a roundabout route of 6.9 miles—accounting for the erroneous reports.'^[128]

Some conspiracy theorists believe a small white jet seen flying over the crash area may have fired a missile to shoot down Flight 93.^{[132][dubious]} However, government agencies such as the FBI assert this small plane was a Dassault Falcon business jet asked to descend to an altitude of around 1,500 ft to survey the impact.^[133] Ben Sliney, who was the FAA operation manager on September 11, 2001, says no military aircraft were near Flight 93.^[134]

Some internet videos, such as Loose Change, speculate that Flight 93 safely landed in Ohio, and a substituted plane was involved in the crash in Pennsylvania. Often cited is a preliminary news report that Flight 93 landed at a Cleveland airport;^[135] it was later learned that Delta Flight 1989 was the plane confused with Flight 93, and the report was retracted as inaccurate. Several websites within the 9/11 Truth Movement dispute this claim, citing the wreckage at the scene, eyewitness testimony, and the difficulty of secretly substituting one plane for another, and claim that such 'hoax theories .. appear calculated to alienate victims' survivors and the larger public from the 9/11 truth movement'. The editor of the article has since written a rebuttal to the claims.^[136]

Valencia McClatchey, a local woman who took the only photograph of the mushroom cloud from the impact of Flight 93 seconds after it hit the ground, says she has been harassed over the telephone and in person by conspiracy theorists, who claim she faked the photo. The FBI, the Somerset County authorities, the Smithsonian, and the National Park Service's Flight 93 National Memorial staff have all individually examined the photograph as well as the film negatives and all four agencies consider the photo to be authentic.^[137]

While some conspiracy theorists have claimed that passengers of Flight 93 and/or Flight 77 were murdered or that they were relocated, with the intent that they never be found,^[76] others within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such as Jim Hoffman and Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice, repudiate such claims.

Hijackers

During the initial confusion surrounding the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the BBC published the names and identities of what they believed to be some of the hijackers.^[138] Some of the people named were later discovered to be alive, a fact that was seized upon by 9/11 conspiracy theorists as proof that the hijackings were faked.^{[138][139][140]} The BBC explained that the initial confusion may have arisen because the names they reported back in 2001 were common Arabic and Islamic names.^[138] In response to a request from the BBC, the FBI said that it was confident to have identified all nineteen hijackers, and that none of the other inquiries had raised the issue of doubt about their identities.^[138]The New York Times also acknowledged these as cases of mistaken identity.^[141]

According to John Bradley, the former managing editor of Arab News in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the only public information about the hijackers was a list of names issued by the FBI on September 14, 2001. When the FBI released photographs four days after the cited reports on September 27, the mistaken identities were quickly resolved. According to Bradley, 'all of this is attributable to the chaos that prevailed during the first few days following the attack. What we're dealing with are coincidentally identical names.' In Saudi Arabia, says Bradley, the names of two of the allegedly surviving attackers, Said al-Ghamdi and Walid al-Shari, are 'as common as John Smith in the United States or Great Britain.'^[139]

According to Thomas Kean, chair of the 9/11 Commission, 'Sixteen of the nineteen shouldn't have gotten into the United States in any way at all because there was something wrong with their visas, something wrong with their passports. They should simply have been stopped at the border. That was sixteen of the nineteen. Obviously, if even half of those people had been stopped, there never would have been a plot.'^[142]

Khalid al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi had both been identified as al-Qaeda agents by the CIA, but that information was not shared with the FBI or U.S. Immigration, so both men were able to legally enter the U.S. to prepare for the 9/11 attacks.^[143]

Foreign governments

There are allegations that individuals within the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) may have played an important role in financing the attacks. There are also claims that other foreign intelligence agencies, such as the Israeli Mossad, had foreknowledge of the attacks, and that Saudi Arabia may have played a role in financing the attacks. General Hamid Gul, a former head of ISI, believes the attacks were an 'inside job' originating in the United States, perpetrated by Israel or neo-conservatives.^[144]Francesco Cossiga, former President of Italy from 1985 until his 1992 resignation over Operation Gladio, said that it is common knowledge among the Italian center-left that the 9/11 attacks were a joint operation of the CIA and the Mossad.^[145] Subsequent reports indicated that he did not actually believe this.^[146][147]

Israel

A conspiracy theory documented by the Anti-Defamation League, Thom Burnett and others is that the state of Israel was involved in the attacks, and may have planned them. A variety of motives are suggested, including: to cause the United States to attack enemies of Israel; to divert public attention away from Israel's treatment of Palestinians; to help Zionists take control of world affairs; and to persuade Americans to support Israel. Variants of the theory contend that the attack was organized by Ariel Sharon, Mossad, or the government of Israel.^[148][149] Kevin Barrett, a former lecturer at the University of Wisconsin is, according to Slate website, a 'leading advocate of theories that Israel's Mossad orchestrated the 9/11 attacks.'^[150]

Some proponents of this believe that Jewish employees were forewarned by Israeli intelligence to skip work on September 11, resulting in no Jewish deaths at the World Trade Center. According to Cinnamon Stillwell, some 9/11 conspiracy theorists put this number as high as 4,000 Jewish people skipping work.^[151] This was first reported on September 17 by the LebaneseHezbollah-owned satellite television channel Al-Manar and is believed to be based on the September 12 edition of The Jerusalem Post that said 'The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks.'^[152]

The number of Jews who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between 270 and 400.^{[152][153][154][155]} The lower figure tracks closely with the percentage of Jews living in the New York area and partial surveys of the victims' listed religion. The U.S. State Department has published a partial list of 76 in response to claims that fewer Jews/Israelis died in the WTC attacks than should have been present at the time.^[152][156] Five Israeli citizens died in the attack.^[157]

Antisemitism in conspiracy theories

In 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) published a report attacking 'hateful conspiracy theories' that the 9/11 attacks were carried about by Israelis and Jews, saying they had the potential to 'rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism.' It found that such theories were widely accepted in the Arab and Muslim world, as well as in Europe and the United States.

The ADL's report found that 'The Big Lie has united American far-right extremists and white supremacists and elements within the Arab and Muslim world'. It asserted that many of the theories were modern manifestation of the 19th century Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which purported to map out a Jewish conspiracy for world domination.^[149][158] The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying anti-Semitic materials, such as 'American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel'.^[159]

Pedro A. Sanjuan, a former United Nations diplomat, alleged that antisemitic 9/11 conspiracy theories were quite common at high levels of the organization following the attacks.^[160]

Saudi Arabia

British investigative journalists Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan claimed in their 2011 book The Eleventh Hour that the Saudi Royal Family provided material and financial support to the hijackers and that the Bush Administration covered this up as well as their own alleged incompetence. The authors claim the 9/11 Truth movement helped this coverup by deflecting attention away from these actions.^[161] In September 2011 a 'Lloyd's insurance syndicate' began legal action against Saudi Arabia demanding the repayment of £136m it paid out to victims of the 9/11 attacks. A number of prominent Saudi charities and banks as well as a leading member of the al-Saud royal family were accused of being 'agents and alter egos' for the Saudi state that 'knowingly' provided funding to al-Qaeda and encouraged anti Western sentiment.^[162]

Such theories have historically revolved around the putative content of the 28 pages of the 2002 report of the U.S. Congress Joint Inquiry^[163][164] that were withheld from publication until July 15, 2016.^[165]

Former Florida Senator Bob Graham, co-chairman of the Joint Inquiry, as well as other former officials who did read the entire version of the Joint Inquiry's report, still partly classified, believe there is a U.S. government's coverup on the Saudi government officials' substantial aid provided to the perpetrators of the 9/11 act,^[163] notably the role of Fahad al-Thumairy, a diplomat at the Saudi consulate in Los Angeles.^[166]

No-planes theory

Nico Haupt and former chief economist within the Labor Department under the Bush administration, Morgan Reynolds, argue that no planes were used in the attacks. Reynolds claims it is physically impossible that the Boeing planes of Flights 11 and 175 could have penetrated the steel frames of the Towers, and that digital compositing was used to depict the plane crashes in both news reports and subsequent amateur video. 'There were no planes, there were no hijackers', Reynolds insists. 'I know, I know, I'm out of the mainstream, but that's the way it is'. According to David Shayler, 'the only explanation is that they were missiles surrounded by holograms made to look like planes', he says, which would be well beyond the capabilities of contemporaneous hologram technology. 'Watch footage frame by frame and you will see a cigar-shaped missile hitting the World Trade Center'. Most no-planes adherents, including Thierry Meyssan and Reynolds, assert that either CGI of a passenger plane was overlaid onto a winged cruise missile or military aircraft, or that computer-generated images of a passenger plane were inserted into the video footage and plane-shaped explosive cut-outs were planted in the buildings in order to create the impression of plane impact.^{[167][168][169]} Some truth movement veterans have repeatedly refuted the 'no-plane' claims.^[76][170] In fact, discussion of no-plane theories has been banned from certain conspiracy theory websites and advocates have sometimes been threatened with violence by posters at other conspiracy theory websites.^[171]

Cover-up allegations

Paul Zarembka, in his book, The Hidden History of 9/11, states that the debris from ground zero was removed without a proper forensic investigation.^[172][173]

Cockpit recorders

According to the 9/11 Commission Report, both black boxes from Flight 77 and both black boxes from Flight 93 were recovered. However, the CVR from Flight 77 was said to be too damaged to yield any data. On April 18, 2002, the FBI allowed the families of victims from Flight 93 to listen to the voice recordings.^[174] In April 2006, a transcript of the CVR was released as part of the Zacarias Moussaoui trial.^[175]

Two men, Michael Bellone and Nicholas DeMasi, who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center, said in the book Behind-The-Scenes: Ground Zero that they helped federal agents find three of the four 'black boxes' from the jetliners:^[176]

At one point, I was assigned to take Federal Agents around the site to search for the black boxes from the planes. We were getting ready to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area. We loaded up about a million dollars worth of equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There were a total of four black boxes. We found three.^[177]

Bin Laden tapes

A series of interviews, audio and videotapes were released in the years following the 9/11 attacks that were reported to be from Osama bin Laden. In the first of these the speaker denied responsibility for the attacks. On September 17, 2001, in a statement issued to Al Jazeera, Bin Laden is quoted as saying: 'The U.S. government has consistently blamed me for being behind every occasion its enemies attack it. I would like to assure the world that I did not plan the recent attacks, which seems to have been planned by people for personal reasons.'^[178]

In a tape released in December 2001 known as 'the Jalalabad tape', the speaker is alleged to have foreknowledge of the attacks. The Central Intelligence Agency claimed the tape was probably from Osama bin Laden.^{[citation needed]} Some observers, especially people in the Muslim world, doubted the authenticity of the tape.^[179] On December 20, 2001, German TV channel 'Das Erste' broadcast an analysis of the White House's translation of the videotape. On the program Monitor, two independent translators and an expert on Oriental Studies found the White House's translation to be both inaccurate and manipulative, stating, 'At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic', and that the words used that indicate foreknowledge can not be heard at all in the original. Prof. Gernot Rotter, professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at the Asia-Africa Institute at the University of Hamburg, said 'The American translators who listened to the tapes and transcribed them apparently wrote a lot of things in that they wanted to hear but that cannot be heard on the tape no matter how many times you listen to it.'^[180]Some members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth believe that the man in this videotape is not Osama bin Laden at all, citing differences in weight and facial features, along with his wearing of a gold ring, which is forbidden by Muslim law, and writing with his right hand although bin Laden was left-handed.^[181]

In an audiotape released in November 2007, Bin Laden claimed responsibility for the attacks and denied the Taliban and the Afghan government or people had any prior knowledge of the attacks.^{[182][183][184]} In an interview with al-Jazeera, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, two of al-Qaeda's alleged masterminds of the attacks, also confessed their involvement in the attacks.^[185]

Hiding of CIA recruitment efforts

Richard Clarke, who headed the government's anti-terrorism efforts in 2001, theorized CIA director George Tenet ordered the agency to withhold information about Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar from the rest of the government in an effort to cover up the agency's recruitment of the two. George Tenet released a statement denying the agency deliberately withheld information about the pair and noted Clarke himself said he had no proof.^[186]

Motives

Pax Americana

In 2006, members of the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth argued that a group of US neo-conservatives called the Project for a New American Century (PNAC), which included Paul Wolfowitz, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, was set on US world dominance and orchestrated the 9/11 attacks as an excuse to hit Iraq, Afghanistan and later Iran.^[187] In September 2000 the PNAC released a strategic treatise entitled Rebuilding America's Defences. David Ray Griffin in his 2004 book The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 argued that the treatise may have been the blueprint for 9/11 attacks. Specifically the language in the paper that read 'the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event – like a new Pearl Harbor' was describing an alleged motive.

The Defense Planning Guidance of 1992, was drafted by Paul Wolfowitz on behalf of then Secretary of DefenseDick Cheney. This was described as 'a blueprint for permanent American global hegemony' by Andrew Bacevich in his book American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy.^[188]

Matt Taibbi argued in his book The Great Derangement that conspiracy theorists have taken what is written in the paper 'completely out of context', and that the 'transformation' referenced in the paper is explicitly said to be a decades-long process to turn the Cold War-era military into a 'new, modern military' which could deal with more localized conflicts.^[189] He said that, for this to be evidence of motive, either those responsible would have decided to openly state their objectives, or would have read the paper in 2000 and quickly laid the groundwork for the 9/11 attacks using it as inspiration.^[189]

Invasions

Conspiracy theorists have questioned whether The Oil Factor and 9/11 provided the United States and the United Kingdom with a reason to launch a war they had wanted for some time, and suggest that this gives them a strong motive for either carrying out the attacks, or allowing them to take place. For instance, Andreas von Bülow, a former research minister in the German government, has argued that 9/11 was staged to justify the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.^[190] Former Malaysian premiere Mahathir Mohamad was quoted as saying that there was 'strong evidence' that the attacks were faked so the United States could go to war against Muslims.^[191] In spite of these allegations, the Bush administration specifically rejected proposals to immediately attack Iraq in response to 9/11,^[192] and acknowledged that there was no evidence of Iraqi involvement in the attacks.^[9]

New World Order

Alex Jones and other personalities hold that 9/11 was initiated by a disparate variety of banking, corporate, globalization, and military interests for the purpose of creating a globalist government. Such New World Order conspiracy theories predate 9/11.^[61]

Suggested historical precedents

Conspiracy theorists often point to Operation Northwoods as a model for the 9/11 attacks, theorizing the attacks were carried out by the U.S. government as a false flag operation and then blamed on Islamic extremists.^[10][193] Operation Northwoods was an unimplemented, apparently rejected, plan approved by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1962. One proposal in the plan suggested that covert operatives commit multiple acts of terrorism in U.S. cities and blame Cuba, thus providing a pretext for invasion.^[194]

Time magazine contrasted events which inspired past conspiracy theories with those that inspire 9/11 conspiracy theories such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Time called the public assassination of Kennedy a 'private, intimate affair' when compared with the attack on the World Trade Center, which was witnessed by millions of people and documented by hundreds of videographers; and said, 'there is no event so plain and clear that a determined human being can't find ambiguity in it.'^[53]

Proponents

Many individuals and organizations that support or discuss 9/11 conspiracy theories consider themselves to be part of the 9/11 Truth movement.

Prominent adherents of the movement include, among others, radio talk show host Alex Jones, theologian David Ray Griffin, physicist Steven E. Jones, software engineer Jim Hoffman, architect Richard Gage, film producer Dylan Avery, former Governor of Minnesota Jesse Ventura, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives Cynthia McKinney,^[195] actors Daniel Sunjata, Ed Asner, and Charlie Sheen, political science professor Joseph Diaferia and journalist Thierry Meyssan.^{[196][197][198]} Adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement come from diverse social backgrounds.^{[199][200][201]} The movement draws adherents from people of diverse political beliefs including liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.^{[201][202][203]}Anti-Defamation League has named Alan Sabrosky as a key figure in anti-Semitic 9/11 conspiracy theories.^[204][205]

Among the organizations that actively discuss and promote such theories are Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth, a group that focuses on the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings; 9/11 Truth, founded in 2004; Scholars for 9/11 Truth, founded in 2005, and Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice, a group that split from Scholars for 9/11 Truth in 2007 and runs the online publication Journal of 9/11 Studies; 9/11 Citizens Watch, which was already formed in 2002; and the Hispanic Victims Group. Several of these groups have collected signatures on petitions asking for further investigation of the September 11 attacks.^{[206][207][208]}

In 2004, John Buchanan ran for president on a '9/11 Truth' platform.^[209]

9/11 Conspiracy theory critic Jonathan Kay asserts that for the most part proponents are not out for financial gain and in some cases have left lucrative careers to become activists.^[210]

Dr Michael Wood and Dr Karen Douglas University of Kent psychologists who specialize in conspiracy theories^[211] examined the comments sections of over 2000 news articles relating to the collapse of World Trade Center 7. They found that proponents of 9/11 conspiracy theories were more likely to try and debunk the mainstream account than promote their own theories and also were more likely to believe in other conspiracy theories. Proponents of the mainstream account tended to argue for that account and showed a greater hostility toward conspiracy theory proponents.^[212]

Dissecting the 9/11 Truth movement community

According to a 2011 analysis in a Skeptical Inquirer article, people involved in this movement, which seemingly is a disparate group with very diversified backgrounds, could be classified into three groups. They join the movement for different reasons, loosely self-assemble to fill different roles and are united by their shared mistrust in experts and the establishment (government and reputable sources of knowledge), and conspiratorial stance. Through their engagement, they each find their own fulfillment and satisfaction. Together, they contribute to the persistence, resilience and exaggerated claims of acceptance (in general public) of the movement. These three groups are:^[213]

• Hard Core: The organizers and active members of the various 9/11 Truth Movement organizations. They produce the information, spot the anomalies and technical inconsistencies, provide the technical base and form the theories. While they claim to be only interested in facts and to use scientific method, they commit the logical fallacy of 'confirmation bias' by pre-determining the outcome, then searching for corroborating evidence while ignoring the vast body of peer-reviewed, independent, consensual research which contradict their theories. They supply the physical structure of the movement by organizing events, seminars, discussions, marches and distributing flyers and pamphlets. Their numbers are relatively small but they are tight-knit and highly connected. Their worldview favors 'super-conspiracy', a master plan that is behind conspiracies which they believe they are uncovering.^[213]
• Critically turned: They are the young students and political activists whose affiliation with the 9/11 Truth Movement often is rooted from their dissatisfaction and anger at the established political and social order. Their sense of justice and idealism propels them to activism against perceived oppression and social injustice. Their penchant to use Internet, especially social media, and tech savvy make them the propaganda machine for the movement. They produce YouTube videos and films with cool, countercultural content, make good use of pop culture parody and eye-catching graphics. The countercultural street cred of their productions buy them broad appeal and exposure to millions of people.^[213]
• Illiterati: They are the movement's mass membership backbone, a large, diffuse group which give the movement exaggerated claims of popularity and influence. Participation in the 9/11 Truth Movement, to this group of people, is as much a social and recreational pursuit as the quest for truth. Their partaking is mostly through web 2.0 social networking and YouTube. Their commentaries often are emotional and they make no pretense to be accurate, balanced or to show genuine intent to find truth. Involvement with the movement that fit their worldview gives them a sense of identity and belonging, which they find more appealing than the facts and evidences of the 9/11 terrorist attack itself.^[213]

Media reaction

While discussion and coverage of these theories is mainly confined to Internet pages, books, documentary films, and conversation, a number of mainstream news outlets around the world have covered the issue.

The Norwegian version of the July 2006 Le Monde diplomatique sparked interest when they ran, on their own initiative, a three-page main story on the 9/11 attacks and summarized the various types of 9/11 conspiracy theories (which were not specifically endorsed by the newspaper, only recensed).^[214] The Voltaire Network, which has changed position since the September 11 attacks and whose director, Thierry Meyssan, became a leading proponent of 9/11 conspiracy theory, explained that although the Norwegian version of Le Monde diplomatique had allowed it to translate and publish this article on its website, the mother-house, in France, categorically refused it this right, thus displaying an open debate between various national editions.^[215] In December 2006, the French version published an article by Alexander Cockburn, co-editor of CounterPunch, which strongly criticized the alleged endorsement of conspiracy theories by the U.S. left-wing, alleging that it was a sign of 'theoretical emptiness.'^[216][217]

Also, on the Canadian website for CBC News: The Fifth Estate, a program titled, 'Conspiracy Theories: uncovering the facts behind the myths of Sept. 11, 2001' was broadcast on October 29, 2003, stating that what they found may be more surprising than any theories.^[218] On November 27, 2009, The Fifth Estate aired a documentary entitled The Unofficial Story where several prominent members of the 9/11 Truth Movement made their case.^[219][220]

An article in the September 11, 2006, edition of Time magazine comments that the major 9/11 conspiracy theories 'depend on circumstantial evidence, facts without analysis or documentation, quotes taken out of context and the scattered testimony of traumatized eyewitnesses', and enjoy continued popularity because 'the idea that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating global events is, in a perverse way, comforting'. It concludes that 'conspiracy theories are part of the process by which Americans deal with traumatic public events' and constitute 'an American form of national mourning.'^[221]

Australian newspaper The Daily Telegraph published an article titled 'The CIA couldn't have organised this ..' which said 'The same people who are making a mess of Iraq were never so clever or devious that they could stage a complex assault on two narrow towers of steel and glass' and 'if there is a nefarious plot in all this bad planning, it is one improvised by a confederacy of dunces'. This article mainly attacked a group of scientists led by Professor Steven E. Jones, now called Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice. They said 'most of them aren't scientists but instructors .. at second-rate colleges'.^[222]

The Daily Telegraph also published an article in May 2007 that was highly critical of Loose Change 2, a movie which presents a 9/11 conspiracy theory.^[223]

Doug MacEachern in a May 2008 column for The Arizona Republic wrote that while many '9/11 truthers' are not crackpots that espouse 'crackpot conspiracy theories', supporters of the theories fail to take into account both human nature and that nobody has come forward claiming they were participants in the alleged conspiracies.^[224] This view was seconded by Timothy Giannuzzi, a Calgary Heraldop-ed columnist specializing in foreign policy.^[225]

On June 7, 2008, the Financial Times published a lengthy article on the 9/11 Truth Movement and 9/11 conspiracy theories.^[226]

Charlie Brooker, a British comedian and multimedia personality, in a July 2008 column published by The Guardian as part of its 'Comment is free' series agreed that 9/11 conspiracy theorists fail to take in account human fallacies and added that believing in these theories gives theorists a sense of belonging to a community that shares privileged information thus giving the theorists a delusional sense of power.^[227] The commentary generated over 1700 online responses, the largest in the history of the series.^[228] In a September 2009 piece, The Guardian were more supportive of 9/11 conspiracy theories however, asking, 'when did it become uncool to ask questions? When did questioners become imbeciles?'^[229]

On September 12, 2008, Russian State Television broadcast in prime time a documentary made by Member of the European ParliamentGiulietto Chiesa entitled Zero, sympathetic to those who question the accepted account of the attacks according to Chiesa. According to Thierry Meyssan in conjunction with the documentary, Russian State Television aired a debate on the subject. The panel consisted of members from several countries including 12 Russians who hold divergent views. The motive of Russian State Television in broadcasting the documentary was questioned by a commentator from The Other Russia who noted that Russian State Television had a history of broadcasting programs involving conspiracy theories involving the United States government.^[230]

Nasir Mahmood in a commentary printed by the Pakistan Observer wrote favorably about a 9/11 truth lecture and film festival held in California and quoted a Jewish speaker at that festival who said that none of the 19 suspected hijackers had been proven guilty of anything and compared racism against Muslims resulting from what he called false accusations to the racism against Jews in the Nazi era.^[231]

On November 10, 2008, ITN broadcast a story summarizing various 9/11 conspiracy theories.^[232]

The emergence of the birther movement in 2009 has led to comparisons between that movement and the 9/11 Truth movement, with both movements seen in a very negative light. Moon landing conspiracy theories have also been compared to the birther and 9/11 conspiracy theories. James Borne, a journalist for The New York Times who covered the September 11 attacks, described his assignment covering a 9/11 truth meeting as '[p]erhaps the most intellectually scary assignment I have had in recent years'.^{[233][234][235][236]}

On August 31, 2009, the National Geographic Channel aired the program 9/11 Science and Conspiracy, in which the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center tested some of the claims frequently made by those who question the accepted 9/11 account. Specifically, the experiments concluded that burning jet fuel alone can sufficiently raise the temperature of a steel support column to the point of structural failure, that a controlled demolition using conventional techniques would leave clear evidence that was not found at Ground Zero, that using thermite is not an effective technique to melt a steel column, and that even if thermite chemical signatures were found, it would be impossible to tell if thermite was actually used or if the traces came from the reaction of aircraft aluminum with other substances in the fire. The testing also concluded that the type of hole found at the Pentagon was consistent with the standard scenario, and that damage from a bombing or missile attack would differ from the damage that occurred. In the program, several prominent 9/11 conspiracy theorists viewed rough edits of the experiments, and expressed their disagreement with the findings.^[237][238]

The British left wing magazine New Statesman listed David Ray Griffin as the 41st most important person who matters today. The magazine said that Griffin's 'books on the subject have lent a sheen of respectability that appeals to people at the highest levels of government'. The publication listed 9/11 conspiracy theories as 'one of the most pernicious global myths'.^[239] Griffin's book The New Pearl Harbor Revisited was chosen by Publishers Weekly as a 'Pick of the Week' in November 2008.^[240]

Denver public televisionKBDI-TV has aired 9/11 truth documentaries several times. The stations spokesperson claimed airing these documentaries has been a boon for the stations fund raising efforts.^[241]

Glenn Beck, television and radio host, said of the allegations: 'There are limits to debasement of this country, aren't there? I mean, it's one thing to believe that our politicians are capable of being Bernie Madoff. It's another to think that they are willing to kill 3,000 Americans. Once you cross that line, you're in a whole new territory.'^[242]

In March 2010, The Washington Post editorialized against Yukihisa Fujita, a prominent Japanese politician who has espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories. They described Fujita as a man 'susceptible to the imaginings of the lunatic fringe'. It went on to say that the U.S.–Japan alliance would be 'severely tested' if Fujita's party continued to tolerate these kinds of comments.^[243]

For the ninth anniversary of the attacks the Egyptian daily Al-masry Al-youm published an article questioning the U.S. Government story and promoting conspiracy theories. The senior analyst for the semi-official Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies and a member of Parliament from the Muslim Brotherhood was quoted.

Gordon Farrer, the technology editor for The Age, theorized in a November 2010 column for the Sydney Morning Herald that the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories was a result of two main factors. One revolved around the personality traits of the theorists themselves (cynical, anxious, belief that they are freethinkers). The second revolved around the high internet search ranking 9/11 conspiracy theories receive, leading to a false air of authority to the theories. Speaking of the theorists. Farrer wrote that 'when politicians and media don't give them voice they feel more threatened, more suspicious, cornered, helpless; and so they go on the attack'.^[244]

Geraldo Rivera, the host of Geraldo at Large, a news magazine run by Fox News Channel, expressed openness towards claims that question the causes of the collapse of 7 World Trade Center.^[245]Andrew Napolitano, a legal analyst for Fox News and former judge at the New Jersey Superior Court, voiced support for skepticism about the collapse of the high-rise building, and for Rivera investigating the event.^[245]

Alex Jones was fired by 70 radio stations when he began espousing 9/11 conspiracy theories, but by 2011 was espousing these and other conspiracy theories on morning TV shows and was the subject of lengthy magazine profiles.^[42][246]

On August 29, 2010, BBC Two broadcast a program entitled The Conspiracy Files: 9/11 – Ten Years On.^[90]

On September 5, 2011, The Guardian published an article entitled, '9/11 conspiracy theories debunked'. The article noted that unlike the collapse of World Trade Centers 1 and 2 a controlled demolition collapses a building from the bottom and explains that the windows popped because of collapsing floors. The article also said there are conspiracy theories that claim that 7 World Trade Center was also downed by a controlled demolition, that the Pentagon being hit by a missile, that the hijacked planes were packed with explosives and flown by remote control, that Israel was behind the attacks, that a plane headed for the Pentagon was shot down by a missile, that there was insider trading by people who had foreknowledge of the attacks were all false.^[247]

Toure Neblett, who has Tweeted his suspicions about the attack on the Pentagon, is one of the hosts of the MSNBC program The Cycle, which debuted on June 25, 2012.^[248]

Criticism

Critics of these conspiracy theories say they are a form of conspiracism common throughout history after a traumatic event in which conspiracy theories emerge as a mythic form of explanation.^[249] A related criticism addresses the form of research on which the theories are based. Thomas W. Eagar, an engineering professor at MIT, suggested they 'use the 'reverse scientific method'. They determine what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't fit their conclusion, and then hail their findings as the only possible conclusion.' Eagar's criticisms also exemplify a common stance that the theories are best ignored. 'I've told people that if the argument gets too mainstream, I'll engage in the debate.' According to him, this happened when Steve Jones, a physics professor at Brigham Young University, took up the issue.^[250]

Michael Shermer, writing in Scientific American, said:'The mistaken belief that a handful of unexplained anomalies can undermine a well-established theory lies at the heart of all conspiratorial thinking. All the evidence for a 9/11 conspiracy falls under the rubric of this fallacy. Such notions are easily refuted by noting that scientific theories are not built on single facts alone but on a convergence of evidence assembled from multiple lines of inquiry.'^[251]

Scientific American,^[251]Popular Mechanics,^[252] and The Skeptic's Dictionary^[253] have published articles that rebut various 9/11 conspiracy theories. Popular Mechanics has published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Myths that expands upon the research first presented in the article.^[254] In the foreword for the book SenatorJohn McCain wrote that blaming the U.S. government for the events 'mars the memories of all those lost on that day' and 'exploits the public's anger and sadness. It shakes Americans' faith in their government at a time when that faith is already near an all-time low. It trafficks in ugly, unfounded accusations of extraordinary evil against fellow Americans.'^[255]Der Spiegel dismissed 9/11 conspiracy theories as a 'panoply of the absurd', stating 'as diverse as these theories and their adherents may be, they share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons.'^[256]

Journalist Matt Taibbi, in his book The Great Derangement, discusses 9/11 conspiracy theories as symptomatic of what he calls the 'derangement' of American society; a disconnection from reality due to widespread 'disgust with our political system'.^[189] Drawing a parallel with the Charismatic Movement, he argues that both 'chose to battle bugbears that were completely idiotic, fanciful, and imaginary,' instead of taking control of their own lives.^[189] While critical, Taibbi explains that 9/11 conspiracy theories are different from 'Clinton-era black-helicopter paranoia', and constitute more than 'a small, scattered group of nutcases [..] they really were, just as they claim to be, almost everyone you meet.'^[189]

Columnist Matt Mankelow, writing for the online edition of the British Socialist Worker, concludes that 9/11 Truthers, while 'desperately trying to legitimately question a version of events', end up playing into the hands of the neoconservatives they are trying to take down by creating a diversion. Mankelow noted that this has irritated many people who are politically left-wing.^[257]

David Aaronovitch, a columnist for The Times, in his book entitled Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History that was published in May 2009, claimed that the theories strain credulity.^[76] Aaronovitch also charged that 9/11 conspiracy theorists have exaggerated the expertise of those supporting their theories, and noted that 9/11 conspiracy theorists including David Ray Griffin cross cite each other.^[258] He also claims the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories has hurt the War on Terror. According to Aaronovitch, because a significant portion of educated Pakistanis believe that George W. Bush brought the towers down, dealing with the Taliban is difficult 'because they actually don't believe the fundamental premise on which the war against terror was waged'.^[259]

Alan Le May The Searchers Pdf To Word Converter

Harvard Law professor Cass Sunstein co-authored a 2009 paper which used members of the 9/11 Truth movement and others as an examples of people who suffer from 'crippled epistemologies', to public trust and the political system. He wrote that '[t]hey do not merely undermine democratic debate [..] In extreme cases, they create or fuel violence. If government can dispel such theories, it should do so.'^[42]

In June 2011 the Royal Institute of British Architects was criticized for hosting a lecture by Richard Gage, president of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth. Rick Bell, the director of the American Institute of Architects New York chapter, who was a witness to the 9/11 attacks, said that 'no amount of money' would persuade him to allow the group to talk at his headquarters and said that Gage lacks credibility among the professional community. Eugine Kohn, former spokesperson for the American Institute of Architects, said Gage's theories were 'ridiculous', '[t]here were no explosives planted', and '[t]he buildings were definitely brought down by the planes'. The decision to host the event was also criticized by the former president of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the founding president of the American Institute of Architects' United Kingdom chapter. Gage has been warned by the AIA against giving a false impression that he has a relationship with them. A July article in the organization's magazine criticized Gage for continuing to intimate that he has an association with them and claimed there were no architects at an Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth screening held in an American Institute of Architects boardroom ^[260] The Royal Institute of British Architects released a statement saying the perception that the group endorses events held in its buildings is 'regrettable', and said they would review policy on 'private hire' of its buildings.^[261] Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan offer scathing criticism of many of the above theories in The Eleventh Day, their 2011 investigation of the attacks.^[262]

U.S. representative Peter T. King, chairmen of the House Homeland Security Committee, said 9/11 conspiracy theorists 'trivialize' the 'most tragic event to affect the United States' and that '[p]eople making these claims are disgraceful, and they should be ashamed of themselves'.^[263]

The hosts of 'The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe' (the 'SGU') have spoken repeatedly about the 'absurdity of 9/11 conspiracy theories'. In addition to critiquing the theories using the same or similar arguments as the above, the 'SGU' hosts say that, like most conspiracy theories, this one collapses under its own weight and contradicts itself. In order for the 9/11 conspiracy theories to be correct, the U.S. government would not only have to orchestrate the claimed false flag operation regarding the airplanes that crashed into the World Trade Center, but they would also have to orchestrate a superfluous controlled demolition and cover their tracks so flawlessly that it becomes indistinguishable to physicists from the 'official story,' yet the plan would have to be flawed enough so that 'losers in their mothers' basement' will discover the conspiracy.^[264]

In politics

Former Canadian Liberal Party leader Stéphane Dion forced a candidate from Winnipeg, Lesley Hughes, to terminate her campaign after earlier writings from Hughes surfaced in which Hughes wrote that U.S., German, Russian and Israeli intelligence officials knew about the 9/11 attacks in advance.^[265][266] Earlier, Peter Kent, Deputy Editor of Global Television Network News and Conservative Party candidate in the 2008 Canadian election, had called for Hughes's resignation saying that the 9/11 Truth movement is 'one of Canada's most notorious hatemongering fringe movements' composed of 'conspiracy theorists who are notorious for holding anti-Semitic views.'^[267] On June 16, 2009, Hughes sued Kent, the Canadian Jewish Congress, the B'nai B'rith of Canada and four senior members of the two organizations alleging the antisemitic allegations were untrue and defamatory and ruined her career.^[268] Later another Conservative Party candidate called for the leader of the New Democratic Party to fire a candidate for her pro 9/11 truth views.^[269]Zijad Delic head of Canada's largest Muslim advocacy organization, the Canadian Islamic Congress is trying to remove 9/11 conspiracy theorists from the board of the organization, in an effort to what he describes as purifying within and totally canadianize the organization.^[270]

In 2008, calls for the resignation of Richard Falk, the special rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian territories for the United Nations, were partially based on his support investigating the validity of 9/11 conspiracy theories.^[271] In 2011, Falk praised a book by David Ray Griffin. Falk was condemned for his remarks by United Nations Secretary GeneralBan Ki-moon and United States ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice.^[272]

In February 2009, Aymeric Chauprade, a professor of geopolitics at CID military college in Paris, was fired by French Defence Minister Hervé Morin for writing a book entitled Chronicle of the Clash of Civilizations that espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories.^[273]

In September 2009, Van Jones, an adviser to US President Barack Obama, resigned after his signature on a 2004 petition calling for an investigation into whether government officials deliberately allowed the 9/11 attacks to occur and other controversial statements came to light drawing criticism. Van Jones said he was a victim of a smear campaign, adding that he does not currently, nor ever has agreed with that theory.^[274]

The 9/11 truth movement became an issue in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial Republican primary when candidate Debra Medina replied when asked by Glenn Beck about US government involvement in the 9/11 attacks: 'I think some very good questions have been raised in that regard, there are some very good arguments, and I think the American people have not seen all of the evidence there, so I have not taken a position on that.' After being criticized for the remarks by opposing candidates, Medina said that she has never been a 9/11 truth movement member and believes the twin towers were attacked by Muslim terrorists.^[275][276]

On September 23, 2010, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in a speech to the United Nations said that '[t]he majority of the American people, as well as other nations and politicians, believe [..] some segments within the U.S. government orchestrated the attack to reverse the declining U.S. economy and its grips on the Middle East in order also to save the Zionist regime'. The remarks prompted the United States delegation as well as others to walk out.^[277] U.S. President Barack Obama criticized Ahmadinejad's remarks before the United Nations General Assembly on the following day, saying that '[f]or him to make a statement like that was inexcusable' and called the remarks 'offensive' and 'hateful'.^[278] Previously Ahmadinejad had described the 9/11 attacks as a 'suspect event'^[279] and suggested that the Bush Administration was involved in 9/11.^[280][281] The Iranian president repeated his claims in 2011 with another appearance at the UN and was thereafter criticized in an article appearing in al-Qaeda's magazine, Inspire. The article claimed that Ahmadinejad was jealous of al-Qaeda because the stateless and under-fire Islamic terrorist organization did on 9/11 what Iran could not do.^[282]

In 2012, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi has called for a scientific conference to look into the events of 9/11 and speculated that the attacks were an inside job. According to an international poll that same year, huge majorities in Muslim countries prefer to believe baseless conspiracy theories rather than listen to the mainstream facts of what happened on September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington. Although al-Qaeda occasionally brags about its 'achievement,' 75 percent of Egyptian citizens, for example, still deny that Arabs carried out the attacks, as a Pew study reported in July 2011.^[283]

Legal cases

Army specialist April Gallop filed suit claiming that Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and other Bush administration officials orchestrated the 9/11 attacks and that the Pentagon was hit by an attack ordered by Cheney. The suit was dismissed in 2010 by Judge Denny Chin, who said the claim was 'the product of cynical delusion and fantasy'. Her lawyers filed an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals which in April 2010 issued a show cause order why the lawyers and Gallop should not be sanctioned for filing a frivolous lawsuit. Her lawyers asked that the judges on the Court of Appeals recuse themselves because their emotions made them prejudge the case and abuse their power. On October 14, 2011, the judges sanctioned her lawyers $15,000 each for both the frivolous lawsuits and the accusations of prejudice. Gallop was not fined because of her unfamiliarity with the law.^[284]

See also

References

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6. ^'Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center'. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communication. February 3, 2005. That explanation hasn't swayed conspiracy theorists, who contend that all three buildings were wired with explosives in advance and razed in a series of controlled demolitions.
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    • Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). 'The truth is out there'. Financial Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. An army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11 Truth movement
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Bibliography

• Barkun, M. (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-23805-3.
• Dunbar, D.; Reagan, B., eds. (2011). Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why conspiracy theories can't stand up to the facts. New York: Hearst. ISBN978-1-58816-855-9.
• Molé, P. (2006). '9/11 Conspiracy Theories: The 9/11 Truth Movement Perspective'. ESkeptic. Altadena, California: The Skeptics Society. 12 (4). ISSN1556-5696. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
• Powell, M. (September 9, 2006). '9/11 conspiracy theorists multiply'. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2009.

External links

United States government sources

• NIST and the World Trade Center
• U.S. Department of State Article: The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories, 28 August, 2006

Engineering publications

• Eagar, Thomas. 'Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation'.

The films listed below have been cited by a variety of notable critics in varying media sources as being among the worst films ever made. Examples of such sources include Metacritic, Roger Ebert's list of most-hated films, The Golden Turkey Awards, Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide, Rotten Tomatoes, the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, Mystery Science Theater 3000, and the Golden Raspberry Awards (the 'Razzies'). Films on these lists are generally feature-length films that are commercial in nature (intended to turn a profit), professionally produced (as opposed to amateur productions), and released in theaters, then on television, or more recently through on-demand streaming services.

• 11930s
• 21940s
• 31950s
• 41960s
• 51970s
• 61980s
• 71990s
• 82000s
• 92010s

1930s

Maniac (1934)

Maniac, also known as Sex Maniac, is an exploitation/horror film directed by Dwain Esper. The story is a loose adaptation of the Edgar Allan Poe story 'The Black Cat' and follows a vaudeville impersonator who becomes an assistant to a mad scientist. Danny Peary believes that Maniac is the worst film ever made, Charlie Jane Anders of Gawker Media's io9 described it as 'possibly the worst movie in history' and Chicago Tribune critic Michael Wilmington wrote that it may be the worst film he had ever seen, writing: 'There are some voyages into ineptitude, like Dwain Esper's anti-classic Maniac, that defy all reason.'^[2][3][4]Rotten Tomatoes placed the film on a list of 25 movies, 'So Bad They're Unmissable',^[5] the Italian Vanity Fair included it on its list of the 20 worst movies ever and it is featured in The Official Razzie Movie Guide.^[6]

Reefer Madness (1936)

Reefer Madness (originally released as Tell Your Children and sometimes titled or subtitled as The Burning Question, Dope Addict, Doped Youth, and Love Madness) is a 1936 American exploitation film and propaganda work revolving around the melodramatic events that ensue when high school students are lured by pushers to try marijuana—from a hit and run accident, to manslaughter, suicide, attempted rape, and descent into madness. Pacific Standard wrote that Reefer Madness was 'one of the first films ever to be considered transcendentally bad'^[1] and Leonard Maltin has called it 'the grand-daddy of all 'Worst' movies'.^[7]Las Vegas CityLife named it the 'worst ever' runner-up to Plan 9 from Outer Space,^[8] and AMC described it as 'one of the worst movies ever made'.^[9]News.com.au considered it a 'disastrous flop turned cult classic' due to its 'terrible acting and exaggerated drug-addicted stereotypes'.^[10] The film has inspired a number of parodies, including an off-Broadwaymusical satire and a 2005 film based on the musical.^[11]

1940s

No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948)

No Orchids for Miss Blandish, a British gangster film adapted from the 1939 novel by James Hadley Chase, received a very hostile reception from the press. This was mainly due to the film's high (for the time) level of sexual and violent content, but also because its attempt to portray Americans using a largely British cast (including an early role for Sid James)^[12] was seen as unconvincing.^[13] The British film journal Monthly Film Bulletin called it 'the most sickening exhibition of brutality, perversion, sex and sadism ever to be shown on a cinema screen'.^[13] The Sunday Express film reviewer called No Orchids for Miss Blandish 'the worst film I have ever seen'.^[14] The Australian newspaper The Age also gave a harsh review: 'No Orchids for Miss Blandish is not only a disgrace to the studio that made it, but it also reflects on the British industry as a whole .. the entire production is unpardonable.'^[15] Cliff Goodwin, discussing No Orchids For Miss Blandish's initial reception, notes it was 'unanimously dubbed 'the worst film ever made''.^[12] Later reviews of the film were equally antipathetic. No Orchids for Miss Blandish was described by British film reviewer Leslie Halliwell as a 'hilariously awful gangster film .. one of the worst films ever made'.^[14]Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide states that No Orchids for Miss Blandish 'aspires to be a Hollywood film noir and misses by a mile.'^[16]

The Babe Ruth Story (1948)

The Babe Ruth Story is a 1948 baseball film biography of Babe Ruth, starring William Bendix.^[17]The New York Times describes it as 'the Plan 9 from Outer Space of baseball biopics'.^[18] It was rushed into release while Ruth was still alive. In the final scene, Ruth delivers on a promise he made to a young cancer patient that he would hit a home run. Not only does Ruth succeed in fulfilling the promise, but also the child is subsequently cured of his cancer. Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe claimed the film was the worst he had ever seen,^[19] while The Washington Times stated that it 'stands as possibly the worst movie ever made'.^[20] The film has been called one of the worst sports films ever by Newsday and The A.V. Club,^[21][22] and called one of the worst biopics by Moviefone and Spike.^[23][24] Michael Sauter included it in his book The Worst Movies of All Time and Leonard Maltin called it 'perfectly dreadful'.^[7]

1950s

Glen or Glenda (1953)

A semi-autobiographical quasi-documentary about transvestism, Glen or Glenda starred and was directed by Ed Wood. After a nightmarish dream sequence, Glen undergoes psychotherapy to help cure his affliction. Bela Lugosi appears in this film, as he did in several other Wood films toward the end of his career. Leonard Maltin insists this was far worse than Wood's later Plan 9 from Outer Space and considers it 'possibly the worst movie ever made'.^[7] Richard Barrios describes Glen or Glenda as 'one of the funniest and worst movies ever made'.^[25] In his book Cult Movies 3, Danny Peary suggests this is actually a radical, if ineptly made, film that presents a far more personal story than is contained in films by more well-respected auteurs, and it was taken seriously and seen as a significant work by Steve Jenkins, writing for The Monthly Film Bulletin when the film was finally released in the UK in 1981.^[26] In 1994, Tim Burton directed Ed Wood, which includes some material about the trials and tribulations of making Glen or Glenda.

Robot Monster (1953)

Robot Monster, a science-fiction film originally shot and exhibited in 3D, features an actor dressed in a gorilla suit and what looks almost like a diving helmet. The film, produced and directed by Phil Tucker, is listed in Michael Sauter's book The Worst Movies of All Time among 'The Baddest of the Bs'. It is also featured in The Book of Lists 10 worst movies list, and in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. The Golden Turkey Awards confers on its main character the title of 'Most Ridiculous Monster in Screen History' and, listing director Tucker among the runners-up to 'Worst Director of All Time' (the winner being Ed Wood), states, 'What made Robot Monster ineffably worse than any other low-budget sci-fi epic was its bizarre artistic pretension'. It was featured in an episode of the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000,^[27] and was fondly remembered by author Stephen King, who quotes, and agrees with, a review in Castle of Frankenstein magazine ('certainly among the finest terrible movies ever made', 'one of the most laughable poverty row quickies').^[28]

The Conqueror (1956)

Howard Hughes funded The Conqueror, an epic film featuring John Wayne as Mongolian chieftain Genghis Khan and the redheaded Susan Hayward as a Tatar princess. The movie was filmed near St. George, Utah, downwind from a nuclear testing range in Nevada, and is often blamed for the cancer deaths of many of the cast and crew, including Hayward, Wayne, Agnes Moorehead, Pedro Armendáriz, and director Dick Powell.^[29] In addition to filming near the testing range, truckloads of the red sands were transported back to the studios for interior scenes. The film made the ten-worst list in The Book of Lists, appears in Michael Sauter's book The Worst Movies of All Time, and was among those listed in Michael Medved's book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. Originally written for Marlon Brando, The Guardian called the choice of Wayne for Khan 'one of the worst casting decisions of all time'.^[30]Complex listed The Conqueror as the worst biopic ever made.^[31]

Hughes, one of the world's wealthiest people at the time, had previously produced the successful dramatic films Hell's Angels, Scarface, and The Outlaw.^[32] After seeing The Conqueror himself, Hughes bought every existing print for $12 million and refused to let the film be seen on television until 1974, reportedly out of guilt over the decision to shoot at such a hazardous location.^[33] By 1980, 91 of the 220 cast and crew members had been diagnosed with cancer.^[30] This was the last film Hughes produced.

Fire Maidens from Outer Space (1956)

Fire Maidens from Outer Space, a low-budget British space opera film (known in the US as Fire Maidens of Outer Space), is about a group of astronauts visiting an all-female society on a moon of Jupiter. This film developed a negative reputation for its poor special effects (including a scene on the alien planet, where an automobile is visible driving past).^[34] Leslie Halliwell described Fire Maidens from Outer Space as 'a strong contender for the title of the worst movie ever made, with diaphanously clad English gals striking embarrassed poses against cardboard sets'.^[35] British film historian I.Q. Hunter included it in his list of candidates for 'the worst British film ever made'.^[36] The DVD Talk website's review claimed it 'may be among the worst-ever professionally produced science fiction films'.^[34] In November 1992, the film was featured in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.

Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)

Ed Wood's Plan 9 from Outer Space was labeled the 'Worst Film Ever' by The Golden Turkey Awards. This movie marked the final film appearance of Bela Lugosi. Wood shot only a small amount of test footage featuring his idol Lugosi before the actor's death. Afterwards, the character was played by Tom Mason, the chiropractor of Wood's wife (Kathy O'Hara) at the time, who played his scenes holding the character's cape in front of his face. Wood was apparently undeterred by the numerous physical differences that distinguished Mason from Lugosi – such as height and build, and the fact that Mason was nearly bald while Lugosi retained a full head of hair until he died. Worst of all, Mason may have been the only man in the world who couldn't do an impression of Lugosi's accent. Years later, video distributors such as Avenue One DVD began to make light of this, adding such blurbs as 'Almost Starring Bela Lugosi' to the cover art. Numerous critics also pointed out the cheap, hardly believable special effects and kitschy dialogue.

Shot in 1956, the film was not released until 1959 because of difficulty in finding a distributor. It has played at the New Orleans Worst Film Festival. In 1994, Tim Burton directed Ed Wood, which includes some material about the trials and tribulations of making Plan 9. Phil Hall of Film Threat calls it 'far too entertaining to be considered as the very worst film ever made'.^[37] Likewise, John Wirt of The Advocate goes as far as to call it 'the ultimate cult flick',^[37] and Videohound's Complete Guide to Cult Flicks and Trash Pics states, 'In fact, the film has become so famous for its own badness that it's now beyond criticism.'^[38] Ian Berriman of SFX commented about the unintentional comedy, 'Some things are best watched at 3 am, wrapped in the warm glow of drunkenness .. Plan 9 From Outer Space is one of them.' The Radio Times Guide to Films described Plan 9 as 'the worst film ever made' and 'tediously depressing'.^[39]

1960s

The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)

The Beast of Yucca Flats by Coleman Francis, shot silently with added narration, concerns a scientist (Tor Johnson) who is exposed to radiation from an atomic blast, which turns him into a monster. The film opens with a scene of implied necrophilia that has nothing to do with the remainder of the movie and does not fit anywhere into the film's chronology. Leonard Maltin's TV and Movie Guide calls it 'one of the worst films ever made'.^[40]Bill Warren said, 'It may very well be the worst non-porno science fiction movie ever made.'^[41] It was featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000, where members of the cast state it is one of the worst films they have seen up to that point.^[42]

Eegah (1962)

The low-budget shocker Eegah features Richard Kiel as a prehistoric caveman emerging in early 1960s California who finds love with another teenager. Arch Hall, Jr. performs musical numbers, with lyrics widely considered terrible. The film's notoriety was enhanced as a result of being featured on episodes of Canned Film Festival and Mystery Science Theater 3000,^[43] where the cast of the show stated in The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide (ISBN0-553-37783-3), that they consider the shaving scene (where Eegah lolls his tongue around and laps up shaving cream) one of the most disgusting things they have seen. It was also one of the films listed in Michael Medved's book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time.^[44]

The Creeping Terror (1964)

The science-fiction/horror film The Creeping Terror was directed, produced, and edited by Vic Savage (under the pseudonym A.J. Nelson, but he keeps his name when credited as an actor). The movie is about a large slug-like alien that lands on Earth and terrorizes an American town.^[45] The film is memorable for its use of some bargain-basement effects: stock footage of a rocket launch played in reverse to depict the landing of an alien spacecraft, and the 'monster' appears to be composed of a length of shag carpet draped over several actors. Notably, the creature's victims inexplicably stand perfectly still as the slow-moving monster approaches them. Scott Weinberg of efilmcritic.com simply summarizes the movie with 'You've seen clips of this one in those 'awful, awful movies' documentaries.' The movie was featured in the sixth season of Mystery Science Theater 3000.^[46][47]

The Horror of Party Beach (1964)

Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured The Horror of Party Beach in 1997, and the film was listed in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. Del Tenney directed it, and the plot mainly consists of sea monsters attacking young women at slumber parties on a beach, who keep returning even after a few murders. The New York Times film review stated, 'The most to be said for him is that he has not stinted on the gore.'^[48] Thomas Lisanti in Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies: The First Wave, 1959–1969 called it 'by far the worst of the sixties beach films', and Stephen King called it 'an abysmal little wet fart of a film'.^[49] Joe Meyers in the Hearst newspaper blog for the Stamford Advocate said on Del Tenney's passing: 'Connecticut had its own Ed Wood, an actor, director and entrepreneur named Del Tenney who made a series of truly awful pictures in the Stamford area during the 1960s, the most notorious of which is Horror of Party Beach, a 1964 drive-in quickie about an atomic mutation that terrorizes Stamford ('Party Beach' was actually Shippan Point).'^[50] It is also listed in Michael Sauter's book The Worst Movies of All Time.^[51]

The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1964)

The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (sometimes billed as The Incredibly Strange Creatures) is a 1964 American monster movie written and directed by Ray Dennis Steckler. Steckler also starred in the film, billed under the pseudonym 'Cash Flagg'. In the film, three friends visit a carnival and stumble into a group of occultists and disfigured monsters. Produced on a $38,000 budget, much of it takes place at The Pike amusement park in Long Beach, California, which resembles Brooklyn's Coney Island. The film was billed as the first 'monster musical', beating out The Horror of Party Beach by a mere month in release date. The 2004 DVD The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made listed this film as the worst film of all time.^[52] The rock criticLester Bangs wrote an appreciative 1973 essay about Incredibly Strange Creatures in which he tries to explain and justify the movie's value: 'This flick doesn't just rebel against, or even disregard, standards of taste and art. In the universe inhabited by The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies, such things as standards and responsibility have never been heard of. It is this lunar purity which largely imparts to the film its classic stature. Like Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and a very few others, it will remain as an artifact in years to come to which scholars and searchers for truth can turn and say, 'This was trash!''^[53]

Santa Claus Conquers the Martians (1964)

The sci-fi movie Santa Claus Conquers the Martians was the creation of Nicholas Webster. Because Martian children only get to see Santa Claus on TV signals beamed from Earth, their parents decide to abduct Santa to make them happy. The film was initially criticized for its oddity and poor special effects.^[54] Like many others in this category, it has been featured in Mystery Science Theater 3000.^[55] The film is cited on a 10-worst list in The Book of Lists and in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. It is also known for starring a very young Pia Zadora. In addition to being featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000, Cinematic Titanic (a spin-off of MST3K) revisited the film in 2008.^[56]

A remake was rumoured with David Zucker as producer, and Jim Carrey attached to play Dropo. An estimated release date was announced as 2002, though it was then believed to have been in development hell.^[57]

Monster a Go-Go! (1965)

Monster a Go-Go! began as Terror at Halfday by Bill Rebane. The production ran out of money and the film was abandoned. Herschell Gordon Lewis, who reportedly needed a second feature to comprise a double bill, purchased and completed it for a minimal amount of money. Several of the film's actors were unable to return, so Lewis simply replaced their parts with new characters who mysteriously appear and fill the roles of the missing characters. One of the actors Lewis managed to rehire had gained weight, gone bald, and grown a goatee, so Lewis recast him as the brother of the original character.^[58] The picture consists mostly of lengthy dialogue sequences concerning the apparent mutation of an astronaut into a monster portrayed by the giant Henry Hite. Poor audio quality makes much of the dialogue unintelligible, and when the film is overexposed, several characters' faces appear as bright white, glowing circles. At one point, when a phone supposedly rings, the sound effect is obviously a person making a noise with their mouth.^[59] During the climax of the movie, as soldiers prepare to confront the mutated astronaut, he abruptly vanishes and the narrator informs the audience, 'there was no monster', and that the astronaut has, in fact, been in the Atlantic Ocean the entire time. All Movie Guide calls the film a 'surreal anti-masterpiece'.^[60] It was also featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000, where writer Paul Chaplin called the dialogue 'garbled beyond recognition'.^[61] The entire cast of the show later stated it was officially the worst movie they have ever seen.^[62]

Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)

The low-budget horror film Manos: The Hands of Fate, made by El Paso insurance and fertilizer salesman Hal P. Warren, concerns a vacationing family kidnapped by a polygamous cult of pagans. The film was conceived after Warren bet Academy Award-winning screenwriter Stirling Silliphant that anyone could make a horror movie.^[63] Warren was convinced by the film's cinematographer and stunt coordinator that most of its glaring mistakes could be fixed in a Dallas post-production studio, when in reality the two wanted to quickly wrap the production because they were not being paid.^[63] Several technical gaffes made it into the film, including scenes filmed out of focus, a marking slate being seen in one shot, the scarf on the female lead's head disappearing and reappearing, and an insect bumping the camera lens.^[63][64] The film was shot with a camera that could not record sound and had a 32-second maximum shot length. All dialogue was later dubbed by Warren and four others, including a grown woman who dubbed the voice for a seven-year-old girl.^[64][65] It opens with a nine-minute driving scene that the filmmakers intended to use for cast and crew credits, but failed to do so.^[65] The movie includes dialogue spoken while all characters are facing away from the camera, a character complaining about it getting dark while the sun is brightly shining, and the character Torgo, a satyr with overly large thighs, that three women attempt to massage to death.^[63][65][66] The film gained notoriety and cult popularity by being featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000,^[67] and was the show's most popular episode.^[63] The film has a 7% on Rotten Tomatoes,^[68] and Entertainment Weekly says the movie is 'widely regarded as, quite simply, the worst movie ever made'.^[63] Even Warren himself would later admit his film was one of the worst ever, suggesting it might make a passable comedy if redubbed.^[69]

A Place for Lovers (1968)

A Place for Lovers is a French-Italian romantic film directed by Vittorio De Sica, starring Faye Dunaway as a terminally ill American fashion designer in Venice, Italy, and Marcello Mastroianni as a race car driver who has a whirlwind affair with her. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it the 'most godawful piece of pseudo-romantic slop I've ever seen!'^[70] and Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times referred to it as 'the worst movie I have seen all year and possibly since 1926'.^[71] Leonard Maltin noted Ebert's comments in his review and offered that the film was 'low points for all concerned'.^[7]A Place for Lovers was included as one of the choices in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time and the Italian Vanity Fair listed it as one of the 20 worst movies ever made.^[6]

1970s

Myra Breckinridge (1970)

The comedy Myra Breckinridge, based on the book of the same name by Gore Vidal, directed by Michael Sarne and starring Raquel Welch, Rex Reed, Mae West, John Huston and Farrah Fawcett, provoked controversy due to a scene in which Welch forciblysodomizes a bound man while clips from various classic films play onscreen. The film was initially rated X before edits and an appeal to the MPAA brought it down to an R. It also used the technique of inserting clips from Golden Age movies in such a way that the dialogue took on sexual undertones. Several stars whose films were featured objected to the gimmick, and some (such as Loretta Young) sued to remove the footage. The film was a critical failure, with Time magazine saying 'Myra Breckinridge is about as funny as a child molester'.^[72] Leonard Maltin gave it a BOMB (the lowest score possible) and stated that it was 'as bad as any movie ever made'.^[7] The Miami News critic Herb Kelly nominated Myra Breckinridge as the worst film ever made.^[73] The film is also cited in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. It also was included in The Book of Lists' worst movies of all time, claiming there was something in the movie to offend absolutely everyone. Gore Vidal disowned it, calling it 'an awful joke',^[74] and blamed the movie for a decade-long drought in the sale of the original book.^[75]

Zaat (1971)

Directed by Don Barton, Zaat was also known under various titles including Hydra, Attack of the Swamp Creatures, Legend of the Zaat Monster, and The Blood Waters of Dr. Z (the name under which it was lampooned on Mystery Science Theater 3000). The film follows a Nazi mad scientist who injects himself with a formula that turns him into a mutated catfish. Florida Times-Union critic Matt Soergel quipped that Zaat 'could very well be the best film ever made about a mutated catfish'.^[76] Critic Jeffrey Kauffman said, 'this is the sort of film Ed Wood, Jr. might have made—on a bad day' and added, 'Lovers of fantastically bad films rate Zaat one of the worst'.^[77] Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict stated, 'The acting in Zaat is below subpar. Actors seem to be whispering their lines and trying hard not to fully comprehend that they're in one of the worst films ever made', while Michael Rubino of DVD Verdict also claimed, 'Zaat may be one of the worst films ever created'.^[78][79]NPR called it a 'sci-fi fiasco' when it became 'the winner — er, loser —' on IMDb's Bottom 100.^[80]Zaat appeared on Mystery Science Theater 3000, which gave it significant exposure,^[81] and was also featured on RedLetterMedia show Half in the Bag where they called it one of their favorite 'so bad it's good' films.^[82]Total Film included it in their list of the 66 worst films of all time.^[83]

An American Hippie in Israel (1972)

The Israeli An American Hippie in Israel is about an American hippie traveling to Israel after being involved with the Vietnam War, befriending Israeli flower children, and encountering 'menacing' mimes along the way. The film was presumed lost, but after resurfacing 38 years after its production, it became a 'midnight sensation' in Tel Aviv and developed a cult following akin to The Rocky Horror Picture Show. It was then released internationally on home video by Grindhouse Releasing. Gil Shefler of The Jewish Daily Forward described it as 'perfectly awful', offering that it 'probably is the worst Israeli movie ever made, and a serious candidate for the worst movie of all time'.^[84] Ben Hartman of The Jerusalem Post stated the film was 'surely one of the worst films ever made in Israel, or beyond'.^[85]Nana 10 said it claims the title of 'worst Israeli film and most amusing'.^[86]

Bat Pussy (unknown, possibly 1973)

A loose spoof of the 1966 Batman television series cited as one of the earliest examples of a pornographic parody film, the presumably-1970s pornographic filmBat Pussy has been 'widely described' as the worst pornographic film ever made, on account of 'some incredibly unarousing sex and a general attitude of awfulness'.^[87][88] Possessing no credits or copyright information, there is no known record of Bat Pussy's existence prior to the mid-1990s, when it was discovered in the storeroom of an adult movie theater in Memphis, Tennessee, and subsequently released on home video by exploitation film distributor Something Weird Video. Gawker Media's io9 proclaimed the film to be 'the absolute nadir of pornography, period. Not just Batman-themed pornography. ALL pornography', deriding its 'obese redneck' cast as rendering the film 'wank-proof'.^[89]PornParody.com, a website dedicated to pornographic parody films, acknowledged its status as 'the worst adult movie of all time', describing Bat Pussy as 'renowned for its technical ineptness and anti-eroticism' due to its 'physically unappealing' actors.^[90]AV Maniacs contested Bat Pussy's categorization as pornography on the grounds of the lead actor's visible impotence and instead labeled the film 'anti-porn', asking 'How else do you categorize an adult film that completely and utterly fails to elicit even the minutest amount of arousal in its viewers?'^[91] The book The Many More Lives of Batman by William Uricchio and Will Brooker also labeled Bat Pussy 'the worst porn film ever made', criticizing its poor adaptation of the source material,^[92] while Tim Lewis, the general manager of Something Weird Video, selected Bat Pussy as the one film 'so nuts it has to be seen to be believed' out of the company's entire catalog, saying it was 'only for the truly jaded adult film viewer'.^[93]

At Long Last Love (1975)

At Long Last Love was renowned director Peter Bogdanovich's musical homage to great 1930s Hollywood musicals. It features songs by Cole Porter and stars Cybill Shepherd and Burt Reynolds. Upon release, it received very negative reviews. CNN noted it was once considered 'the worst musical extravaganza in Hollywood history'.^[94]Esquire film critic John Simon said, 'it may be the worst movie musical of this – or any – decade'.^[95]Buffalo News film critic Jeff Simon wrote, 'About 45 minutes in, it became apparent to one and all that this was one of the worst and most embarrassing major-talent turkeys of all time.'^[96] Film critic Jay Cocks has said the film was 'regarded as the great white elephant catastrophe of its time'.^[97]Hollis Alpert stated, 'This failure is so dismal that it goes beyond failure.'^[98] It was included in the book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time and Michael Sauter's book The Worst Films of All Time.^[99] It is also included in the Golden Turkey Awards Nominees and Winners, the Worst Achievements in Hollywood History.^[100] Bogdanovich, who was also the screenwriter, sent press releases to newspapers across the country apologizing for this film.^[97]

One defender of the film was Roger Ebert, who stated, 'The movie's no masterpiece, but I can't account for the viciousness of some of the critical attacks against it.' He continued, 'It's a light, silly, impeccably stylish entertainment .. if [Bogdanovich] doesn't go spectacularly right, at least he provides small pleasures and great music.'^[101] In a recent documentary on his career, Bogdanovich lamented being influenced by studio previews to cut the film before its theatrical release. He subsequently recut it again before it debuted on cable TV the next year. A fan of the film, a studio editor who preferred the director's first cut, secretly saved that original version and quietly put it in place of the others. When news of this version streaming on Netflix reached Bogdanovich, he contacted Fox and made a few finishing touches, resulting in a director's cut that debuted on home video in 2013.^[102]

HaMal'ach Haya Satan (The Angel Was a Devil) (1976)

The Angel Was a Devil (filmed in 1971, released in 1976) is an Israeli horror film about a young woman fleeing a murderer^[103] that has been described by Meir Schnitzer, a leading authority on Israelicinema and by others, as 'the worst film ever made in Israel.'^[104][105] Moshe Guez was the film director, scriptwriter, star, cinematographer, recorder, editor and the composer of some of its original music.^[104][106] Due to the high concentration of crew positions, the production missed out on the subsidy for full-length Israeli movies that is almost automatically given to local productions. The production and distribution were plagued by many additional problems, including impacts of the Yom Kippur War, script and actor changes, and the instant bankruptcy of its final distributor.^[104] In 2011, Avida Livny released the documentary Looking for Moshe Guez, describing the film and a search after its director in Israel and the US.^[104] The creator released a slightly improved digital version of his movie in 2016.^{[107][108][109]}

Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977)

Exorcist II: The Heretic is the sequel to William Friedkin's Academy Award-winning 1973 film, directed by John Boorman. While British film critic Mark Kermode called the original film his favourite film of all time, he believes the sequel to be the worst film ever made.^[110] The Golden Turkey Awards named it the second-worst film ever made, after Plan 9 from Outer Space. Critic Bill Chambers stated it was 'Possibly the worst film ever made and surely the worst sequel ever made.'^[111] It also appeared in The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst book. Friedkin believes the sequel diminished the value of the original film and called it 'the worst piece of shit I've ever seen' and 'a fucking disgrace.'^[112][113] Eventually, the film garnered so much hate that Boorman disowned it. In an interview with Bob McCabe for the book The Exorcist: Out of the Shadows, he confessed, 'The sin I committed was not giving the audience what it wanted in terms of horror.'^[114]

The Swarm (1978)

The Swarm is a horror film about a killer bee invasion of Texas, directed and produced by Irwin Allen. Despite its all-star cast (including Michael Caine, Henry Fonda, Richard Widmark and Olivia de Havilland), it was a box-office failure and was excoriated by reviewers.^[115] On its UK release, The Sunday Times described The Swarm as 'simply the worst film ever made'.^[116]Leslie Halliwell described it as a 'very obvious disaster movie with risible dialogue'.^[115]The Guardian article on The Swarm stated, 'You could pass it all off as a sick joke, except it cost twelve million dollars, twenty-two million bees, and several years of someone's life.'^[115]Barry Took, reviewing it for Punch, stated, 'the story is of a banality matched only by the woodenness of the acting'.^[115]Time Out magazine called The Swarm a 'risibly inadequate disaster movie'.^[117]The Swarm is included in several 'worst movie' books, including the Medved brothers' The Golden Turkey Awards,^[118] and John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide, as one of the 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.^[119] It soon gained a cult status (enough so that Warner Archive released the extended version on Blu-ray).^[120][121]

I Spit on Your Grave (1978)

I Spit on Your Grave became controversial for its graphic violence and lengthy depictions of gang rape. It was initially unable to find a distributor until 1980, when it received a wider release. Luke Y. Thompson of the New Times stated, 'Defenders of the film have argued that it's actually pro-woman, due to the fact that the female lead wins in the end, which is sort of like saying that cockfights are pro-rooster because there's always one left standing'.^[122] Critic David Keyes named it the worst film of the 1980s.^[122] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club called it 'one of the era's most abhorrent pieces of exploitation trash'^[123] and Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict stated, 'It's one of the most soulless, vile, and morally reprehensible things I've ever had to sit through.'^[124] Roger Ebert gave the film no stars, referring to it as 'a vile bag of garbage .. without a shred of artistic distinction,' adding, 'Attending it was one of the most depressing experiences of my life.'^[125] Ebert also included it on his 'most hated' list^[126] and considered it the worst movie ever made.^[127][128]Gene Siskel also considered it one of the worst films ever made.^[129] Author James Livingston wrote in The World Turned Inside Out that I Spit on Your Grave was the second worst movie ever made,^[130]Film Racket featured it as their first entry in to their 'Worst Movie Ever?' series,^[131] and Flavorwire named it the eleventh worst movie ever made.^[132] Despite the intense negative reception from some critics, the film has a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with critics arguing that 'It shows us the raw, shocking reality of rape, in all its bloody viciousness.'^[122]

Caligula (1979)

The erotic/historical drama Caligula, directed by Tinto Brass, about the infamous Roman Emperor was in part financed by Penthouse founder Bob Guccione. The film, featuring a prestigious cast (Malcolm McDowell, Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole, and John Gielgud) is notable for its explicit scenes of sex and violence, including six minutes of hardcore porn footage filmed by Guccione and another editor. Caligula earned some prerelease controversy after Gore Vidal, who had written the script, distanced himself from the film. When Caligula was released, it received strongly hostile reviews, reviewers criticizing its extreme scenes of sex and violence and lack of narrative coherence.^[133]Rex Reed of New York magazine called the film 'a trough of rotten swill'.^[134] Roger Ebert gave Caligula a zero stars rating, dubbing it 'sickening, utterly worthless, shameful trash', accusing it of being artistically vulgar in its depiction of sex and violence, and of having technically incompetent direction and structure.^[133]Caligula was one of the few films Ebert ever walked out on (two hours into its 170-minute running time), after describing himself as feeling 'disgusted and unspeakably depressed',^[135] and he also placed it on his 'Most Hated' list.^[126]Jay Scott, reviewing Caligula for The Globe and Mail, stated, 'Caligula doesn't really work on any level' and the film and its production 'constitute a boondoggle of landmark proportions'.^[136] So negative was its initial reception, Australian newspaper The Age stated that Caligula was being 'billed by critics everywhere as one of the worst films ever made'.^[137] Leslie Halliwell dubbed it 'a vile curiosity of interest chiefly to sadomasochists'.^[138]The Hamilton Spectator later referred to Caligula as 'possibly the worst movie ever made'.^[139] Joe Holleman, in an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch discussing historical films set in Ancient Rome, argued, 'two of the worst movies made in the 20th century were ancient Rome pieces .. Cleopatra and Caligula'.^[140] Christopher Armstead, reviewing Caligula for the website Film Critics United, stated, 'Dollar for dollar, this could very well be the worst movie ever made.'^[141]

1980s

Heaven's Gate (theatrical version, 1980)

The Western epic Heaven's Gate, loosely based on the Johnson County War in 1890s Wyoming, was plagued by massive cost and time overruns, largely due to director Michael Cimino's extreme attention to detail. He demanded 50 takes of at least one scene, and refused to start shooting for another until a cloud he liked rolled across the sky. It cost over $44 million, but brought in only $3.5 million at the box office.^[142] The original version ran at nearly four hours, but was yanked from release after only one week due to scathing reviews. It later resurfaced in a 149-minute version, but by then the damage was done. Vincent Canby called it 'an unqualified disaster', among other things. Roger Ebert called it 'the most scandalous cinematic waste I've ever seen'.^[143]

After word of his grandiose spending and defiant nature toward studio United Artists got out (detailed in Final Cut by Steven Bach, a studio executive involved with the film from the beginning)^[144] Cimino was awarded the 1980 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director, and the film was nominated for four more Razzies, including Worst Picture.^[145] In 1999, Time placed the film on a list of the 100 worst ideas of the 20th century.^[146] In February 2010, the readers of Empire voted it the sixth-worst film of all time.^[147] That same year, Joe Queenan of The Guardian also called it the worst film ever made, saying that it 'defies belief'.^[148] Cimino was initially considered a director on the rise after directing The Deer Hunter (which won five Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director), but his reputation never recovered after Heaven's Gate. The production is also notorious for the cruelty to animals that occurred both on screen and on site, including deliberately killing a horse with explosives.^[149] The film effectively ended not only the existence of United Artists as an independent Hollywood studio (its parent firm sold the company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where it still operates), but also, largely, Cimino's career — he would not direct again until 1985's Year of the Dragon.

Despite the vicious reviews, the film's reputation improved over time.^[150] In fall 2012, the New York Film Festival, the venue for its infamous opening, premiered the restored director's cut. In stark contrast, The Times (London) called the restored version 'a modern masterpiece' and its 1980 cut 'one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history'.^[151] The film has also been released on Blu-ray and DVD by the Criterion Collection.^[152] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that the film 'has been called a disaster and a disgrace, yet also anointed a masterpiece.'^[153]

Inchon (1981)

The war filmInchon, directed by Terence Young and starring Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur,^[154] was meant to depict the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War. Producer Mitsuharu Ishii was a senior member of the Japanese branch of the Unification Church, whose leader, Sun Myung Moon, claimed he had the film made to show MacArthur's spirituality and connection to God and the Japanese people.^[155] Its eventual production cost of $46 million resulted in a $5 million box office gross, and The New York Times review written by Vincent Canby calls the movie 'the most expensive B-movie ever'.^[156]The Washington Post described Inchon as 'one of the biggest commercial disasters in film history'.^[157] Every conceivable kind of problem plagued production, including labor issues, the U.S. military withdrawing support due to the film's Unification Church connection, weather and natural disasters, customs difficulties, expensive directorial blunders, and the original director (Andrew McLaglen) quitting before the start of production. Olivier's performance was criticised, and he was awarded the 1982 Golden Raspberry award for Worst Actor.^[158] The film itself took the 1982 Razzies for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay, and Young's direction earned him a tie for Worst Director of 1982. A number of reviewers at various media outlets described Inchon as the worst film ever made, including The Washington Post,^[159]Newsweek,^[160]TV Guide,^[161] and the Canadian Press.^[162]Inchon was later profiled in multiple books on worst in film, including The Hollywood Hall of Shame by Harry and Michael Medved,^[163] and The Worst Movies of All Time by Michael Sauter.^[164] To date, Inchon has never been released on home video in the United States.

Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981)

The adventure filmTarzan, the Ape Man, loosely based on the novel Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs, stars Miles O'Keefe in the title role and Bo Derek as his partner Jane Parker, and is told from Jane's point of view. Despite being a box office success, it was widely panned by critics upon its release due to its poor screenplay, bad acting, and unintentional humor. Leonard Maltin, writing for his Movie Guide, stated that the film 'lacks action, humor and charm', and considered it so bad that it 'nearly forced editors of this book to devise a rating lower than BOMB'.^[7]Leslie Halliwell was equally harsh; he described Tarzan, the Ape Man as 'certainly the worst of the Tarzan movies and possibly the most banal film so far made; even the animals give poor performances'.^[165] Writer Thomas S. Hischak described it thus: 'Produced and directed without a shred of talent by John Derek, Tarzan, the Ape Man often ranks high in the lists of the worst movies ever made.'^[166] Film critic John Nesbit considered it 'my pick for worst film ever',^[167] while Matt Brinson of Creative Loafing wrote, 'this cinematic atrocity truly is one of the all-time worsts'.^[168]Tarzan, the Ape Man was nominated for six awards at the 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards, winning one for Worst Actress (Bo Derek). It holds an 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews.^[169]

Mommie Dearest (1981)

Mommie Dearest was based on the memoir of the same name by Christina Crawford about her upbringing by Joan Crawford.^[170] It was the first film to sweep the Golden Raspberry Awards nominations, winning a total of five Razzies out of the nine nominations, including 'Worst Picture' and Worst Actress (Faye Dunaway, shared with Bo Derek).^[171] The same organization also named it 'Worst Picture of the Decade' in 1989/90, and was nominated for 'Worst Drama of Our First 25 Years' in 2004/05.^[172] The film is part of the '100 most awful' in the book The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst.^[173][174] Entertainment writer Michael Sauter included the film in his book The Worst Movies of All Time.^[175] It earned, as film critic and television host Richard Crouse put it, 'some of the nastiest reviews ever'.^[176] Eric Henderson of CBS Minneapolis named it at the top of his 'Best 'Worst Movies Ever'' list.^[177] Roger Ebert wrote of this film, 'I can't imagine who would want to subject themselves to this movie. Mommie Dearest is a painful experience that drones on endlessly, as Joan Crawford's relationship with her daughter, Christina, disintegrates from cruelty through jealousy into pathos.'^[178] Of the performance of Faye Dunaway, Variety said 'Dunaway does not chew scenery. Dunaway starts neatly at each corner of the set in every scene and swallows it whole, co-stars and all.'^[179]

Despite the reviews at the time,^[180] the film was a box office success, grossing $39 million worldwide on a $5 million budget. It has a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's consensus reads, 'Mommie Dearest certainly doesn't lack for conviction, and neither does Faye Dunaway's legendary performance as a wire-wielding monster; unfortunately, the movie is too campy and undisciplined to transcend guilty pleasure'.^[181]

Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (The Man Who Saved the World) (1982)

The Turkish science-fiction adventure Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (also commonly known as Turkish Star Wars) was directed by Çetin İnanç and starred Cüneyt Arkın. It is notorious for illegally using footage from well known science fiction films and shows, most notably Star Wars, along with stealing the music score from films such as Moonraker and Raiders of the Lost Ark. The film is also criticized for its nonsensical plot, badly written dialogue, and crude special effects.^[182][183] Jos Kirps of ArticlesBase called it 'The Worst Movie Ever', and stated, 'There are many bad sci-fi movies, and for many years movie addicts even considered Ed Wood's Plan 9 From Outer Space the worst movie of all times. But Plan 9 is still a pretty good movie when compared to Dünyayi Kurtaran Adam.'^[184]Sabah called it the 'world's worst film'.^[185]Hürriyet described the film as 'sitting on the throne of the king' when compared to other 'so bad it's good' cult films.^[186]Toronto Standard called it a 'dollar-store Star Wars' and compared it to the works of Ed Wood.^[187] After a strong worldwide cult developed around the film, a sequel, The Son of the Man Who Saved the World (Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam'ın Oğlu), was shot in 2006 and featured many returning members of the original cast and crew.^[188]

The Lonely Lady (1983)

A drama film directed by Peter Sasdy, adapted from the 1976 novel written by Harold Robbins, The Lonely Lady, starring Pia Zadora, became a critical and commercial failure and until today is the last adaptation of a Harold Robbins story. Roger Ebert opened his review saying that 'If The Lonely Lady had even a shred of style and humor, it could qualify as the worst movie of the year. Unfortunately, it's not that good.'^[189]. John J.B. Wilson included it in The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of the most enjoyable bad movies ever, saying: 'In rough cut, The Lonely Lady was one of the funniest bad movies ever made.'^[119]TV Tropes said that it 'has appeared on many lists of the 'Worst Movies Ever' since its release.'^[190]Dennis Schwartz called it 'A true candidate for one of the worst films ever.'^[191] Zadora herself said that The Lonely Lady was 'a real turkey, done very badly', that she 'knew it was bad all along' and that despite being taken seriously by its director it became a 'camp classic, one of those movies that's so bad it's funny.'^[192] The film was nominated for eleven Golden Raspberry Awards (a record at that time until being surpassed by Showgirls with 13 nominations) and won six: Worst Actress, Worst Director, Worst Musical Score, Worst Original Song ('The Way You Do It'), Worst Picture, and Worst Screenplay. It was the first movie to win more than five Razzies.^[119] It was also nominated for a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture as well as for a Razzie for Worst Picture of the Decade, but lost to Mommie Dearest, and for Worst Drama of the Razzies' First 25 Years, but lost to Battlefield Earth. Zadora's performance in this film and Butterfly also led to her being nominated for three special Razzies: Two in 1990, for 'Worst New Star of the Decade', which she won, and 'Worst Actress of the Decade', where she lost against Bo Derek, and 'Worst Actress of the Century' in 2000, where she lost against Madonna. The film has a 0% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.^[193]

Howard the Duck (1986)

Produced by George Lucas and based on the Marvel Comicscharacter of the same name, Howard the Duck received overwhelmingly negative reviews from film critics. Orange Coast Magazine writer Marc Weinberg and Leonard Maltin criticized the decision to shoot the film in live action.^[194][195] Maltin described it as a 'hopeless mess .. a gargantuan production which produces a gargantuan headache'.^[195] The appearance of Howard was criticized as being unconvincing due to his poorly functioning mouth, drunkenness, perverted tendencies, and expressionless face. Reviewers also criticized the acting and humor and found the film boring.^[196][197] Jay Carr of The Boston Globe claimed that 'They Don't Get Much Worse Than Howard',^[198] Glenn Heath Jr. of Slant Magazine wrote that it 'has a rightful place in the canon of worst films ever',^[199] and TV Guide states it is 'one of the worst big-budget movies ever made'.^[200] Film website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 15% based on 48 reviews, making it the lowest-rated Lucasfilm production of those reviewed on the site. The site's consensus states: 'While it has its moments, Howard the Duck suffers from an uneven tone and mediocre performances.'^[201] It received seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations in 1987 including Worst Supporting Actor (Tim Robbins), Worst Director (Willard Huyck) and Worst Original Song ('Howard the Duck'). It won four trophies for Worst Screenplay, Worst New Star ('the six guys and gals in the duck suit'), Worst Visual Effects, and Worst Picture, tied with Under the Cherry Moon.^[202] The movie won also a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture.^[203]Howard the Duck was also featured in Empire's poll of the 50 worst films ever made.^[147] The negative reaction to the film took its toll on the cast, who found themselves unable to work on other projects as a result.^[204] Since then, it had became a cult film^[205] to the point of a cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy played by Seth Green in that first film.^[206]

Ishtar (1987)

Ishtar was written and directed by Elaine May and starred Academy Award-winning duo Warren Beatty and Dustin Hoffman as Rogers and Clarke, two untalented lounge singers who travel to Morocco in hopes of finding a gig.^[207] Due to unanticipated problems with filming in the desert—which resulted in numerous reshoots—the film ran over budget by $30 million. While its final budget cost was $55 million, Ishtar earned only $14,375,181 at the North American box office leading Ishtar to become synonymous with 'box office flop'. It was also subject to harsh reviews from critics. The film was nominated for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay in the 8th Golden Raspberry Awards, winning one for Worst Director. San Jose Mercury News claimed that 'Time has not improved this film's reputation as being one of the worst ever made.'^[208]Time Out suggested it was 'so bad it could have been deliberate', and called it 'one of the worst films ever made',^[209] while Hot Air referred to it as 'The Citizen Kane of big-budget, A-list vehicular homicides.'^[210] It was included in Michael Sauter's The Worst Movies of All Time book^[164] and Richard Roeper included it on his list of the 40 worst films he had seen.^[211] In 1999, Time placed the film on a list of the 100 worst ideas of the 20th century.^[146]

However, the film has since become a cult classic,^[212][213] and it has also seen a recent minor critical re-evaluation, with some critics, including Richard Brody,^[207] praising the film, and directors Quentin Tarantino, Edgar Wright and Martin Scorsese liking it.^[214]Joe Queenan compared the film to another comedy film considered the worst, Gigli, and wrote that although it was considered one of the worst films ever made at the time of its release, it 'has several comic moments' and does not get worse on subsequent viewings, unlike Gigli.^[148]

Nukie (1987)

Nukie is a 1987 South African film directed by Sias Odendaal (credited as Sias Odendal) and Michael Pakleppa, and starring Steve Railsback, Ronald France, and Glynis Johns. The plot concerns an alien, Nukie, who crash lands on earth and seeks help from two children to reunite with his brother, Miko, who has been captured by the U.S. government. The film was heavily inspired by Steven Spielberg's 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Simon Abrams of Politico wrote that Nukie was worse than 1988 E.T. knock-off, Mac and Me, writing that it is 'probably the most incompetent E.T. ripoff of any time period .. While Mac and Me was just rotten and ill-conceived, Nukie is uniquely perplexing'.^[215] Critic Brad Jones has said that Nukie is the worst film he has ever reviewed.^[216]Total Film named Nukie the worst kids movie ever made.^[217] They also named it one of the worst science-fiction films ever made.^[218]

Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987)

Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was the last film in the Christopher Reeve series of Superman films, and co-starred Mark Pillow as the villain Nuclear Man. Despised by fans and critics alike, it is the lowest-grossing film in the series, only taking in $15,681,020 at the North American box office. Many critics pointed out the film's poor screenplay, acting, and special effects (such as a scene in which Superman repairs the Great Wall of China with his super-vision), while some have criticized it for its lack of attention to the comic book source material. Such special effects led Rita Kempley of The Washington Post to call it 'one of the cheesiest movies ever made'.^[219] Film critic Jeffrey Lyles voiced similar hatred, claiming that the film 'isn't just one of the worst comic book films, it's one of the worst films ever made'.^[220]Superman IV holds a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 44 reviews.^[221] It appears on Empire's list of the 50 worst movies of all time,^[147] as well as the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222] The film was nominated for two Razzies at the 8th Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Supporting Actress (Mariel Hemingway) and Worst Visual Effects.

The Garbage Pail Kids Movie (1987)

The Garbage Pail Kids Movie is a live-action adaptation of the then-popular trading card series of the same name, itself a gross-out parody of the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls. The title characters are depicted by dwarf actors in low-budget costumes, with poorly functioning mouths and expressionless faces. The film is often criticized for its gross-out humor, nonsensical plot, poor explanations, bad acting, and the unsettling appearance of the Garbage Pail Kids. It has a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[223] Caryn James of The New York Times said the movie is 'too repulsive for children or adults of any age'^[224] and is 'enough to make you believe in strict and faraway boarding schools'.^[225] Carlos Coto of the Sun-Sentinel called it 'one of the worst ever made'.^[226] Much of its content is said to be inappropriate for children, its intended audience. Throughout the movie, the Garbage Pail Kids steal, get in fights, bite toes off people, flatulate in people's faces, threaten others with switchblades, urinate upon themselves, and run over cars. In addition to scatological behavior, the movie has several scenes that feature sexual images, violence, and drinking. Offended parents launched a nationwide protest of the movie that successfully resulted in the movie being withdrawn from circulation.^[227] The shortened release contributed to the movie's poor gross of only $1,576,615.^[228] It was nominated for three Razzies at the 8th Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Visual Effects, Worst New Star for the Garbage Pail Kids collectively, and Worst Original Song.

Leonard Part 6 (1987)

Leonard Part 6, starring (as well as written and produced by) Bill Cosby, was intended as a parody of spy movies. Leonard Parker, a former CIA spy, is brought out of retirement to save the world from an evil vegetarian who brainwashes animals to kill people. It has also been cited as one of the worst movies of all time, earning Golden Raspberrys for Worst Actor (Cosby), Worst Picture, and Worst Screenplay. It was also nominated for two more Razzie Awards, for Worst Supporting Actress and Worst Director. Cosby himself disowned the film, and when it was released to theatres he publicly advised people not to see it.^[229] Rita Kempley at The Washington Post noted the large number of Coca-Cola product placements and said 'The only good thing about Bill Cosby's Leonard Part 6 is that we didn't have to see Parts 1 through 5.'^[230] Scott Weinberg at DVD Talk noted the film as 'truly one of the worst movies you'll ever see .. movies this bad should be handled with Teflon gloves and a pair of tongs'.^[231] By 1990, Dennis King of Tulsa World wrote that the film had 'become synonymous with 'bomb.'^[232]Total Film included Leonard Part 6 on their list of the '66 Worst Films of all Time'.^[83]

Hobgoblins (1988)

Hobgoblins, by Rick Sloane, is widely considered a low-budget knock-off that capitalizes on the popularity of the 1984 film Gremlins.^[233] It gained popularity in 1998 after being featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. MST3K writer Paul Chaplin later commented on Hobgoblins, saying, 'Oh, man. You have no idea the torture it was to watch this movie several times in the space of a week. It shoots right to the top of the list of the worst movies we've ever done.' Specific points of the film that were lampooned was the extreme misogyny and atrocious treatment of women, the film's technical incompetence and repetitive scenes, its moronic, very poorly conceived plot, its dreadful acting, its ugly look and its preference towards rather needless vulgarity, particularly in regards to its characters and subject matter.^[234] Greg Muskewitz at Efilmcritic.com called it 'Jim Henson's worst nightmare',^[235] while David Cornelius of DVD Talk stated, 'There's not one aspect of this movie that isn't the Worst Thing Ever.'^[236] After seeing the MST3K episode himself, Sloane was inspired to direct a sequel, which was released in 2009.

Mac and Me (1988)

Mac and Me is about a young boy in a wheelchair who meets and befriends an alien who has crash-landed on Earth. A box office failure,^[237] the film grossed $6,424,112 in the United States^[238] on a $13 million budget.^[239] It has a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, whose critical consensus notes that it is 'duly infamous' as both an imitation of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and a marketing vehicle for McDonald's and Coca-Cola^[240] (the filmmakers had a profit-sharing arrangement with the former).^[241] One scene features a large, impromptu dance-off with the alien (dressed in a teddy bear costume), a football team, Ronald McDonald, and various other people inside and outside of a McDonald's restaurant. Leonard Maltin described the film as being 'more like a TV commercial than a movie',^[7] and Marjorie Baumgarten of the Austin Chronicle called it a 'shameless E.T. knockoff'.^[240]Mac and Me is widely regarded as one of the worst films ever made,^[242][243] with The Telegraph reporting that it is 'frequently pulled out in 'worst film of all time' arguments'.^[244] Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock declared it the 'worst thing you'll ever see in your entire life', as well as the most egregious example of product placement in cinema history.^[245] The film was also named the worst ever in the San Francisco Chronicle,^[246] as well as by broadcaster Simon Mayo^[247] and writer/producer Damon Lindelof.^[248] Michael Hayden of GQ India referred to it as 'hands down the worst family movie in Hollywood history'.^[249] The film was nominated for four Razzie Awards including Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay, and won two trophies: Worst Director for Stewart Raffill (tied with Blake Edwards for Sunset) and Worst New Star for Ronald McDonald in a cameo. Mac and Me has, however, gained a cult following.^[250][251]

Things (1989)

This Canadianlow budget, independent, horror exploitation filmThings was written and produced by Andrew Jordan & Barry J. Gillis. It cost approximately $35,000 in total to make^[252] and marked the mainstream film debut of porn starAmber Lynn. It was ostensibly made as homage to horror icons and films, such as George A. Romero and his Night of the Living Dead.^[253]They Came From Within: A History of Canadian Horror Cinema author Caelum Vatnsdal described Things as 'the worst Canadian horror film ever made'.^[254]Critic Online called it 'definitely one of the worst atrocities ever committed to film'.^[253]Severed Cinema announced that 'a new generation of horror fans and people who have been desperately seeking this glistening turd for years can now experience this infamous abomination'.^[255]Cinema Sewer magazine has repeatedly proclaimed that 'this is the worst movie ever made'.^[256] Robin Bougie, its founder and editor, wrote 'I don't mean ['bad'] like the way Troma makes bad movies. I'm talking about bad with the best of intentions, like all of the best 'bad' movies. You like tormenting yourself with hilariously trashy, moronic, gory, idiotic bad films? Things is the fucking king of bad movies. This is the movie you put on when you have a get together of pals — and just blow them away. Trust me, you have never seen anything like this in your life. It's absolutely astonishing in how it is able to mentally wreck anyone who watches it.'^[256] Jeff Kirschner of Dread Central has also named it the worst movie ever made.^[257]Things was covered in an episode of RedLetterMedia show Half in the Bag; during the discussion Jay Bauman stated that Things was 'probably one of the worst movies ever made', to which Mike Stoklasa replied 'I would remove 'probably'.'^[258]

1990s

Troll 2 (1990)

Despite its title, Troll 2 does not feature any trolls (the antagonists are actually goblins) and has no relation to the original film, which was also poorly reviewed.^[259] Released in relative obscurity, it was re-taken by the public in later years; NPR claims that it is 'known as the worst movie of all time'^[260] while The A.V. Club calls it 'a popular candidate for the worst film ever made'.^[261] Rumsey Taylor of Not Coming to a Theater Near You opined that it was 'one of the worst films I've ever seen'.^[262] Ken Hanke of Mountain Xpress gave it one-half star out of five, and stated in his review, 'There are movies that are bad. There are movies that are so-bad-they're-good. And then there's Troll 2—a movie that's so bad that it defies comprehension.'^[263] In addition, TV Guide proclaimed that 'Troll 2 is really as bad as they come.'^[264] Nearly twenty years after its release, the movie's child star, Michael Stephenson, made a documentary about its production and fanbase titled Best Worst Movie, released to critical success in 2009.

Highlander 2: The Quickening (1991)

The French-British film Highlander 2: The Quickening is a sequel to the cult film Highlander, which transitions the fantasy of the original film into science fiction, and retcons the mystical warriors of the first film into aliens. It was met with harsh criticism by both critics and audiences. Based on 23 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 0% 'Rotten' rating, all 23 reviews being negative. Common criticisms included the lack of motivation for the characters, the blatant disregard for established characters and background set forth in the first film (such as the new and seemingly incongruent origin for the Immortals), the massive number of gigantic plot holes, the film's messy, nonsensical story structure, the filmmaker's inability to balance out the rather unrelated plots and subplots involved, the unexplained resurrection of Ramirez, and rampantly apparent contradictions in the film's internal logic.^[265]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it a score of 0.5 stars (out of four), saying: 'Highlander II: The Quickening is the most hilariously incomprehensible movie I've seen in many a long day—a movie almost awesome in its badness. Wherever science fiction fans gather, in decades and generations to come, this film will be remembered in hushed tones as one of the immortal low points of the genre.' He continued, saying 'If there is a planet somewhere whose civilization is based on the worst movies of all time, Highlander 2: The Quickening deserves a sacred place among their most treasured artifacts', naming it the worst film of 1991.^[266]

Giving the film a score of 2 out of 10, IGN's review said: 'How bad is this movie? Well, imagine if Ed Wood were alive today, and someone gave him a multi-million dollar budget. See his imagination running rampant, bringing in aliens from outer space with immensely powerful firearms, immortals who bring each other back to life by calling out their names, epic duels on flying skateboards, and a blatant disregard for anything logical or previously established—now you are starting to get closer to the vision of Highlander II.'^[267] Awarding the film one star out of five, Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com said, 'Highlander has become a bit of a joke, and here's where the joke started. .. Incomprehensible doesn't even begin to explain it. This movie is the equivalent of the 'Hey, look over there!' gag. You look, and the guy you wanted to beat up has run away and hid[den].'^[268]

In 1995, the film's director Russell Mulcahy^[269]made a director's cut version known as Highlander 2: Renegade Version and then later released another version simply known as Highlander 2: The Special Edition for its 2004 DVD release. The film was reconstructed on both occasions largely from existing material, with certain scenes removed and others added back in, and the entire sequence of events changed. The reconstructed film's reception was far better than the original's; it was elevated to a mixed reception.^[270]

Cattive ragazze (Bad Girls) (1992)

The Italian erotic thriller Cattive ragazze (Bad Girls) was directed by gossip columnist Marina Ripa di Meana, and stars Eva Grimaldi as a recently divorced woman falling in love with a male stripper, alongside a cast of big names such as Anita Ekberg and Burt Young. The production received bad publicity, as it was made using money from the country's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities. Paolo Mereghetti in his film encyclopedia Dizionario dei Film described the film as a 'vapid mess that can only serve those incapable of understanding what cinema is', and considered it able to 'compete for the title of worst film in cinema history and win!'^[271] G. Giraud wrote in Il Lavoro that Cattive ragazze 'does not resemble anything in a real movie, or even recall anything previously seen at the cinema, even in its worst'. Film critic Marco Giusti refers to it as 'one of the pillars of Italian trash cinema'.^[272] While Cattive ragazze was Ripa Di Meana's directorial debut, she never made another film.^[273]

North (1994)

The Rob Reiner film North is an adaptation of the novel North: The Tale of a 9-Year-Old Boy Who Becomes a Free Agent and Travels the World in Search of the Perfect Parents by Alan Zweibel, who also wrote the screenplay and has a minor role in the film. North, which was also Scarlett Johansson's film debut, was a critical and commercial failure, earning only $7,138,449 worldwide despite its budget of over $40 million. It was widely criticized for its plot, its all-star cast of insensitive characters, lack of humor and portrayal of numerous ethnic stereotypes. It has a 14% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes.^[274] Roger Ebert gave it zero stars and, in his review, infamously wrote 'I hated this movie. Hated, hated, hated, hated, hated this movie. Hated it. Hated every simpering stupid vacant audience-insulting moment of it. Hated the sensibility that thought anyone would like it. Hated the implied insult to the audience by its belief that anyone would be entertained by it.' He continued saying 'North is a bad film – one of the worst movies ever made',^[275] and it is also on his list of most hated films.^[126] Both Ebert and Gene Siskel named North as the worst film of 1994.^[276] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said in his review that 'North is director Rob Reiner's first flat-out failure, a sincerely wrought, energetically made picture that all the same crashes on takeoff. It's strange and oddly distasteful, at its best managing to be bad in some original and unexpected ways.'^[277]Richard Roeper named North as one of the 40 worst movies he has ever seen, saying that, 'Of all the films on this list, North may be the most difficult to watch from start to finish.'^[211] The film was nominated for the following awards at the 15th Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Bruce Willis, also for Color of Night), Worst Supporting Actress (Kathy Bates), Worst Supporting Actor (Dan Aykroyd, also for Exit to Eden), Worst Director, and Worst Screenplay (Andrew Scheinman and Alan Zweibel).

Dis – en historie om kjærlighet (A Story About Love) (1995)

The Norwegian romantic filmDis – en historie om kjærlighet was directed by Aune Sand. The film follows different couples and their love stories around the world, in Cairo, Normandy, Oslo and New York City. Dis received universally poor reviews by critics, and has been called the most poorly reviewed Norwegian film in history.^[278][279] Critic Harald Kolstad of Dagsavisen gave it a score of zero, refused to acknowledge Dis as a film, and claimed to have never seen anything worse.^[280]Aftenposten referred to the film as 'the largest turkey' and 'the most reviled film',^[279] and Total Film included it on its list of the 66 worst films ever made.^[83] Despite being a critical disaster it became a commercial success, gaining cult film status with a following akin to The Rocky Horror Picture Show, with fans embracing its 'so bad it's good' qualities.^[279] Director Aune Sand insists that Dis is a masterpiece.^[281]

Showgirls (1995)

A large amount of hype of Showgirls was put behind promoting the sex and nudity in this NC-17 French-American film with a $45 million budget, but the final result was critically derided. Most of the hype revolved around the film's star, Elizabeth Berkley, who only two years before had been one of the stars of the Saturday morning teen sitcomSaved by the Bell. The film won seven Razzie Awards, a record at that time, and received 13 nominations, a record that still stands. It received an additional award at the 20th Golden Raspberry Awards, where it was awarded Worst Picture of the Decade. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it, 'a film of thunderous oafishness that gives adult subject matter the kind of bad name it does not need or deserve',^[282] while Rob Gonsalves of eFilmCritic.com stated, 'Even the grossest porn is more cheerfully sexual than this movie.'^[283] Michael Dequina of TheMovieReport.com also criticized the film, claiming that it was 'the best bad filmmaking Hollywood has to offer'.^[284] Stephen Lynch of the Knight Ridder/Tribune named it the worst movie ever made, calling it 'so bad it may be brilliant'.^[285]Rotten Tomatoes selected it as one of 25 movies that are so bad they're unmissable while Empire featured it on its poll of the worst films ever made.^[5][147]Showgirls was also featured in Michael Sauter's The Worst Movies of All Time book as well as The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst. The edited R-rated version, which director Paul Verhoeven developed for video outlets that would not carry NC-17 films, deletes about three minutes of the more graphic sex scenes. TBS has broadcast the film on television in its prime time schedule, but this version adds digitally animated solid black underwear to hide breasts and genitalia. This version has also been broadcast by VH1 as part of its Movies That Rock series. It holds a 22% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 54 reviews.^[286] Despite a negative theatrical and critical consensus, Showgirls enjoyed much bigger success on the home video market, generated more than $100 million from home video market and became one of MGM's top 20 all-time bestsellers.^[287]

Striptease (1996)

A comedy-drama directed by Andrew Bergman, based on a novel by Carl Hiaasen, Striptease centers on a woman (Demi Moore) who becomes a stripper in order to fund an appeal for custody of her daughter. The film was criticized as boring and humourless, and was also accused of being a vanity project for Moore.^[288] Daniel P. Franklin, discussing Striptease in his book Politics and Film: The Political Culture of Film in the United States stated 'This is the worst film ever made.'^[289]Joe Queenan cited Striptease as an example of what he considered the poor quality of contemporary Hollywood cinema: 'One thing that I admire about films like Striptease is that they serve as powerful reminders that on any given day, Hollywood has the potential to release the worst film in history.'^[290]Richard Schickel in Time, also criticized the film: 'Bergman .. misses Hiaasen's strength: setting mean-funny characters spinning through lowlife milieus .. the crazy, nothing-to-lose anarchy of people living below the margin and beyond the fringe is not within Bergman's fastidious reach.'^[291]Leonard Maltin stated that Striptease was 'Not funny enough, or dramatic enough, or sexy enough, or bad enough, to qualify as entertainment in any category.'^[292] Brian D. Johnson of Maclean's stated 'While Showgirls was honestly sleazy, Striptease is tacky, pretentious – and boring. Trying to be a comedy, a morality tale and a titillating sideshow, Striptease fails on all counts.'^[288]Striptease was awarded six Golden Raspberry awards, for Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, Worst Actress (Moore), Worst Original Song ('(Pussy Pussy Pussy) Whose Kitty Cat Are You?'), and Worst Screen Couple (Moore and Burt Reynolds).^[293]

Le Jour et la Nuit (Day and Night) (1997)

The French romance filmLe Jour et la Nuit was directed by philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy. It follows a French author who fled to Mexico for a quiet life and an actress who is willing to seduce him to get a part in a film adapted from one of his books. Before its release, Le Jour et la Nuit was heavily promoted in many French newspapers and magazines.^[294] When the film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, hundreds of journalists walked out of the screening and those that stayed audibly ridiculed it.^[295] Following its release, Le Jour et la Nuit was very harshly criticized by the French media. Gérard Lefort of Libération described the film as 'BHL pedalling through guacamole', and it was also panned by Le Monde and Le Nouvel Observateur.^[294] The film also did poorly commercially, with only 73,147 seats for Le Jour et la Nuit having been sold two months after its release.^[294]Le Jour et la Nuit was considered the worst French film since 1945 by film magazine Cahiers du cinéma, and considered as a possible 'worst film in history' by the French version of Slate.^[296]Variety said the film was '[l]augh-out-loud awful without touching the cult realm of 'so bad it's good'', Françoise Giroud stated that '[i]t's a bad movie, there's no question',^[295] and L'Humanité called it an 'Absolute debacle'.^[297] An original documentary, Anatomy of a Massacre, was released with the Le Jour et la Nuit DVD, and focused on its intense negative reception and failure.^[298]

Batman & Robin (1997)

Batman & Robin is a superhero film based on the DC character Batman and is the fourth and final installment of the Burton/Schumacher Batman film series. It is directed by Joel Schumacher and stars George Clooney as Batman/Bruce Wayne, Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mr. Freeze, Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy, Chris O'Donnell as Robin/Dick Grayson, Alicia Silverstone as Batgirl/Barbara Wilson and Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth. This film was largely criticized for its toyetic and camp approach, Mr. Freeze's approach and one-line jokes, as well as its possible homosexual innuendo. As of June 2017, review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes reports that 11% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 89 reviews, certifying it 'Rotten' with an average rating of 3.7/10, and the critics consensus: 'Joel Schumacher's tongue-in-cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in Batman & Robin, resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that's too jokey to care much for.'^[299] By comparison Metacritic collected an average score of 28/100, based on 21 reviews.^[300]International Business Times included it on its list of Hollywood's top five worst movies ever made.^[301]Michael J. Nelson, of Mystery Science Theater 3000 fame, wrote of the movie in his book, Movie Megacheese, 'Batman & Robin is not the worst movie ever. No, indeed. It's the worst thing ever. Yes, it's the single worst thing that we as human beings have ever produced in recorded history.'^[302]Batman & Robin also came in first in an Empire poll of the 50 worst films ever.^[147] Joel Schumacher apologized to disappointed fans on the 2005 DVD release of Batman & Robin.^[303]

The Avengers (1998)

An adaptation of the popular 1960s British series of the same name, The Avengers starred Ralph Fiennes as John Steed and Uma Thurman as Emma Peel, with Sean Connery as their antagonist, Sir August de Wynter. It was directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik. The Avengers began to receive negative publicity after Warner Bros., the film's distributor, refused to allow any early press-screenings for movie reviewers.^[304] After early test screenings, The Avengers was heavily edited by the studio.^[305] On its release, The Avengers was savaged by film critics, with the Birmingham Post stating 'The Avengers is being slated by critics as the worst film ever made' and adding that one reviewer had joked the film was such a 'turkey' that the makers should have handed distribution to the poultry chain Bernard Matthews.^[306] Several reviewers disparaged The Avengers for lacking the wit and excitement of its source material.^[307][308]Janet Maslin strongly criticised The Avengers: 'With pseudo-suave repartee that would make Austin Powers blush and with so many shades of Howard the Duck that one scene depicts man-size pastel teddy bears sitting around a conference table, it's a film to gall fans of the old television series and perplex anyone else. I can't remember another Friday morning show where I heard actual cries of 'Ugh!' on the way out the door' and finished her review with, 'At a pared-down, barely rational 100 minutes, The Avengers is short but not short enough.'^[305] David Bianculli said 'This Avengers film is so horrendously, painfully and thoroughly awful, it gives other cinematic clunkers like Ishtar and Howard the Duck a good name.'^[308] Alan Jones in The Radio Times stated 'The cult 1960s TV series gets royally shafted by Hollywood in this stunningly designed blockbuster that's stunningly awful in every other department .. Terrible special effects and zero chemistry between Fiennes and Thurman make this notorious disaster a total waste of everyone's time and energy.'^[307]The Avengers also shared a Razzie Award for 'Worst Remake or Sequel' with the 1998 adaptations of Psycho and Godzilla at the 19th Golden Raspberry Awards. Total Film magazine later voted Fiennes and Thurman in The Avengers as 'The Worst Movie Double Act Of All Time'.^[309] The film also appeared on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films.^[310]

Cinderela Baiana (Bahian Cinderella) (1998)

The Brazilian film Cinderela Baiana was directed by Conrado Sanchez and stars former É o Tchan! dancer Carla Perez in the lead role. It is a heavily fictionalized biographical account of Perez's early life and how she came into fame. Despite an all-star cast, including Alexandre Pires, Perez's then-boyfriend and a very popular singer in Brazil at the time, the movie was criticized for its campy dialogue, badly written script, numerous plot holes and ludicrous acting, to the point of Perez herself disowning the film years later.^[311] It was a box office bomb, and it was some time later banned from circulation by request of Perez herself. It was also the debut of a then-unknown Lázaro Ramos, who used his salary to pay for acting classes. On March 15, 2010, Brazilian magazine Veja made a Top 10 list of the worst Brazilian movies of all time, and Cinderela Baiana was featured in first place. The reviewer, Pollyane Lima e Silva, called the film 'a shame'.^[312] Author Renzo Mora included it in his 25 Movies That Can Ruin Your Life book, while Luis Nassif claimed that, 'For me this is the worst of all.'^[313]

Fatal Deviation (1998)

Fatal Deviation is often credited as being the first martial arts film to be filmed in Ireland. It stars martial artist James Bennett and Michael Graham, who is best known for being a member of the boy band Boyzone. The Irish Post and Den of Geek write that it is a mainstay of worst film lists.^[314][315] Luke McKinney of Cracked.com called it the worst film ever made, writing: 'There are so many things about making a movie that Jimmy doesn't know, that you could replace film school with this movie alone--just screening it once for students and asking them to list all the things it did wrong. Anyone who doesn't write 'everything' instantly fails.'^[316]The Irish Post named it the worst Irish film of all time,^[314] and the Irish Independent wrote that it is 'regarded as one of the worst films ever made'.^[317]Entertainment.ie placed it on its list of '10 So Bad They're Good Movies You Need To See Before You Die' and it was covered in Paste's Bad Movie Diaries column.^[318][319]

Parting Shots (1999)

The British black comedyParting Shots was the last film directed by Michael Winner. It starred rock musician Chris Rea as a man who, told he has only six months to live, begins murdering people who have wronged him. Parting Shots was accused of being poorly acted, filmed and scripted, as well as treating murder flippantly.^[320]Andrew Collins took a very negative view of the film: 'Parting Shots .. is going to set the course of British film-making back 20 years. It is not only the worst British film produced in this country since Carry On Emmannuelle (quite a feat in itself), it is a thoroughbred contender for the crown of Worst Film Ever Made.'^[321]Christopher Tookey was even more harsh, stating: 'Parting Shots is not only the most horrible torture for audiences that Winner has ever devised. It is also profoundly offensive, even by Winner standards' and later called Parting Shots 'the most tasteless, abysmal comedy of all time'.^[320] Tookey also stated that Winner had 'established himself, over his last dozen films, as beyond doubt the worst director of all time'.^[320] In an interview about the film, Charlotte O'Sullivan, the Independent's film editor, claimed Parting Shots was 'the worst film I've ever seen'. O'Sullivan also criticised it for glorifying vigilantism: 'It's Michael Winner and you know, he doesn't have any sense of irony. He seems to be saying it is okay to go and kill people.'^[322] The journalist Miles Kington later claimed 'Parting Shots .. was directed by Michael Winner and despite the glittering cast, was possibly the worst film ever made.'^[323] I. Q. Hunter listed Parting Shots as one of the candidates for 'the Worst British film ever made'.^[36]Parting Shots was also featured in a poll of Empire magazine readers' '50 Worst Movies Ever' poll.^[147]

The Underground Comedy Movie (1999)

The comedy The Underground Comedy Movie is based on a cable access show from 1988. Director and lead actor Vince Offer constructed the film out of a series of tasteless, lowbrow skits (including Gena Lee Nolin loudly using the restroom and a superhero named Dickman who dresses in a giant penis costume and defeats his enemies by squirting them with semen). In 1999, Offer filed a suit against 20th Century Fox and the co-directors of There's Something About Mary, Bobby and Peter Farrelly, claiming that 14 scenes in Mary were stolen from his film.^[324] The Farrellys released this statement: 'We've never heard of him, we've never heard of his movie, and it's all a bunch of baloney.'^[325]Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times referred to it as a 'wretched film' and stated that 'The Underground Comedy Movie' stands as a monument to ineptitude and self-delusion.'^[326]Rod Dreher of the New York Post said it 'may be the least amusing comedy ever made'.^[327]Nathan Rabin covered the film in his column detailing terrible films and stated that: 'nothing I’ve covered for this column was quite as soul-crushingly, brain-meltingly terrible as .. The Underground Comedy Movie.'^[328] Thom Bennett at Film Journal International, wrote 'Anyone offended by unbearably bad films, jokes that are not funny and wasting 90 minutes of their lives is, as promised, guaranteed to be offended. In fact, to even call this mess a comedy is giving it far too much credit', and 'The Underground Comedy Movie may well be the worst film I have ever seen.'^[329] Writing in Central Western Daily, Peter Young said, ' I am pretty sure that I can declare this The Worst Film I Have Ever Seen'.^[330]

2000s

Battlefield Earth (2000)

Battlefield Earth is based on the first half of L. Ron Hubbard's novel of the same name, and stars John Travolta, Barry Pepper and Forest Whitaker. Although a sequel covering the second half of the book was planned, the panning from critics, poor box office performance, and financial ruin of Franchise Pictures killed off such plans. It was criticized for a poor script, hammy acting, overuse of Dutch angles, repetitive dialogue, and several inconsistencies and plot holes. The movie's producer, Franchise Pictures, was later forced out of business after it emerged that it had fraudulently overstated the film's budget by $31 million. It has a 3% rating at Rotten Tomatoes,^[331] and it was included in their Top 100 worst-reviewed movies of the 2000s.^[332]Roger Ebert predicted that the film, 'for decades to come will be the punch line of jokes about bad movies'.^[333] Ebert also wrote, 'the director, Roger Christian, has learned from better films that directors sometimes tilt their cameras, but he has not learned why'.^[333] It is also on his 'most hated' list.^[126]Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called it 'a fiasco that occupies a distinguished place high atop the pantheon of widely reviled crap' and said, 'A legendary disaster well before it finished completion, Battlefield Earth hit theaters with a 'Kick Me' sign on it so massive it could be detected from outer space.'^[334] It won seven Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture and Worst Screen Couple (John Travolta and 'anyone on the screen with him').^[335] In 2005, an eighth Razzie (for Worst 'Drama' of Our First 25 Years) was awarded to the film,^[336] and in 2010 it won a ninth Razzie at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture of the Decade,^[337] the most of any film in the history of the awards at the time,^[338] before Jack and Jill surpassed its record with ten wins in 2012.^[339] The movie appeared on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] and is on the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222]Empire named it the second worst movie ever made after Batman & Robin and The Register listed it as the worst movie ever made.^[147][340]Battlefield Earth screenwriter J. David Shapiro later apologized for making 'the suckiest movie ever'.^[340]

Honest (2000)

Honest is the directorial debut of Eurythmics member David A. Stewart, and starring three members of the British/Canadian girl groupAll Saints (Melanie Blatt, Nicole and Natalie Appleton). It received a large amount of media criticism following its release.^[341] The Scottish newspaper Daily Record described Honest thus: 'This turgid tale of Sixties London isn't just bad – it's quite probably the worst film ever.'^[341]Peter Bradshaw noted that Honest 'subscribes to the usual credulous fictions about the charm, glamour and wit of violent criminals, and leaves out these qualities in spades' and added 'However silly and implausible, it would be all right if there was the slightest hint of brio or fun in the script, written by comedy giants Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. But there isn't.'^[342]Alexander Walker called Honest 'An ugly, ratty-looking load of jazzy cliches buried in flashy has-been styles, including slowmo frolicking in the Trafalgar Square fountains, strobe-lit druggy sessions and accelerated action on the mattress.'^[343] British film historian I.Q. Hunter later listed Honest as one of the candidates for the title of 'Worst British film ever made'.^[36]

Freddy Got Fingered (2001)

The comedy film Freddy Got Fingered stars Tom Green, who also wrote and directed it, featuring largely gross-out and shock humor similar to that featured in The Tom Green Show. In the film, Green stars as a 28-year-old slacker and cartoonist who falsely accuses his father of child molestation when he questions his son's life goals. Freddy Got Fingered received overwhelmingly negative reviews, with CNN critic Paul Clinton declaring it 'quite simply the worst movie ever released by a major studio in Hollywood history'.^[344] Warren Epstein of The Gazette described Freddy Got Fingered as 'the worst movie ever made'.^[345] A review in The Washington Post said: 'If ever a movie testified to the utter creative bankruptcy of the Hollywood film industry, it is the abomination known as Freddy Got Fingered.'^[346] Robert Koehler of Variety called it, 'One of the most brutally awful comedies ever to emerge from a major studio.'^[347] Film reviewer Roger Ebert included the film on his 'most hated' list,^[126] gave it zero out of four stars, and wrote: 'This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels.'^[348]Freddy Got Fingered was nominated for eight awards at the 2001 Razzies, and won for Worst Picture, Worst Actor, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, and Worst On-Screen Couple.^[349][350] Razzies founder John J. B. Wilson called it 'offensive, stupid and obnoxious' and said it had 'no redeeming value'.^[349] Green accepted his awards in person, traveling to the ceremony in a white Cadillac, wearing a tuxedo and rolling out his own red carpet to the presentation. The movie has an 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[351] In 2010, the film was nominated at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture of the Decade,^[337] though it lost to Battlefield Earth.^[352]Freddy Got Fingered also appeared on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] was featured in Empire's list of the '50 Worst Movies Ever' poll,^[147] and is on the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222]

Glitter (2001)

Starring Mariah Carey in the lead role as an aspiring singer, the romantic musical drama Glitter was intended to be her breakthrough role but was a critical failure and a box office bomb. Hindustan Times claimed that Glitter 'was slammed by almost all critics for being the worst film ever'.^[353]Fade In stated that 'Glitter isn't just one of the worst music-themed films ever — it's one of the worst films ever made, period.'^[354] Author Bob McCann wrote in Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television that it's 'rightfully in the running as one of the worst films ever made'.^[355]News.com.au,^[356]Hi,^[357]Flavorwire,^[132] Metacritic,^[310] and Empire are amongst those who have listed it as one of the worst films ever made.^[147]Glitter received six Razzie nominations and Carey won for Worst Actress.^[358] It was also featured in John Wilson's The Official Razzie Movie Guide, and in 2005, it was nominated for 'Worst Musical of Our First 25 Years', but lost to From Justin to Kelly. In an interview in 2010, Carey stated that she believed that the film's failure at the box office was largely due to the soundtrack's release date being September 11, 2001, the same day as the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon.^[359] It has a 7% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 87 reviews.^[360]

Swept Away (2002)

A remake of a 1974 Italian film of the same name, the romantic comedy film Swept Away was directed by Guy Ritchie and starred his then-wife Madonna and Adriano Giannini. It received mostly extremely negative reviews, with most criticism going towards Madonna's bad acting, the original film being considered superior and the remake being considered just a star vehicle for Madonna.^[361]Rotten Tomatoes holds a 5% rating, based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 2.76/10. The site's consensus states: 'Muddled and lacking the political context of the original, Swept Away offers further proof that Madonna can't act.'^[362]Metacritic reports an 18 out of 100 rating, based on 27 critics, indicating 'overwhelming dislike'.^[363] Rex Reed of The Observer said: 'If there is one thing worse than a Guy Ritchie movie, it's a Guy Ritchie movie with Madonna in it.'^[364]Joe Queenan of The Guardian discussed the movie in an article on what makes a movie the worst of all time and said, '[..] Showgirls has a certain campy allure that grows a bit each time I see it. Madonna's Swept Away doesn't; it seems more amateurish on each viewing, like a morass that starts out as a quagmire, then morphs into a cesspool and finally turns into a slime pit on the road to its ultimate destination in the bowels of Hell.'^[148]Julie Burchill, also from The Guardian, selected it as her pick for the worst film ever made.^[110] John Anderson of Newsday said, 'New ways of describing badness need to be invented to describe exactly how bad it is.'^[365]Swept Away was also a box office bomb; against a $10 million budget, it grossed $598,645 in the United States and around $437,875 from foreign territories for a worldwide total gross of $1,036,520.^[366] The film was awarded five awards at the 2002 Golden Raspberry Awards, for Worst Picture, Worst Actress (Madonna), Worst Screen Couple (Madonna and Giannini), Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Director (Ritchie), while also being nominated for Worst Actor (Giannini) and Worst Screenplay. It was the first film to win both Worst Picture and Worst Remake or Sequel. At the 25th Golden Raspberry Awards, it was nominated for Worst 'Drama' of Our First 25 Years, and at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards, it was nominated for Worst Picture of the Decade, but in both cases lost to Battlefield Earth. Empire ranked it #20 in its list of 'The 50 Worst Movies Ever',^[147] and After Ellen ranked it #7 in its list of 'The worst movies ever to grace the screen'.^[367]

The Master of Disguise (2002)

The comedy film The Master of Disguise was produced in part by Adam Sandler and stars Dana Carvey as Pistachio Disguisey, an undercover Italian waiter who must save his father Fabbrizio (James Brolin) from the evil Devlin Bowman (Brent Spiner) by using his inherent skills in disguise. Although the film was a box office success, it received scathing reviews from critics upon its release, many of which pointed out its sophomoric plot, unfunny humor (in particular, its flatulence gags) and disguises that would clearly not be recognized by children (such as Tony Montana from Scarface). Many critics also pointed out the short running time, consisting of 72 minutes of the film itself and over ten minutes of end credits juxtaposed with outtakes. Roger Ebert gave it one star out of four, claiming, 'The movie is a desperate miscalculation. It gives poor Dana Carvey nothing to do that is really funny, and then expects us to laugh because he acts so goofy all the time.'^[368] Alan Morrisson, writing for the film magazine Empire, proclaimed that The Master of Disguise was 'the worst film ever made: a film about idiots, made by idiots, for idiots',^[147] while Matthew Turner of ViewLondon remarked, 'This is a serious contender for the title of The Worst Film Ever Made.'^[369] In addition, Chris Parry of eFilmCritic.com stated, 'Quite honestly, I've never seen anything less competent. And I mean that.'^[370] The film holds a 1% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 104 reviews,^[371] and was featured on the site's list of the top 100 worst-reviewed films of the 2000s.^[372] It also appears on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] and is on the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222] A cameo appearance by Bo Derek landed her a nomination for Worst Supporting Actress at the 23rd Golden Raspberry Awards, but she lost to Madonna for Die Another Day.

Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever (2002)

The action film Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever stars Antonio Banderas and Lucy Liu as opposing secret agents. Critics panned it, generally regarding it as having no redeeming features, not even the unintentional comedic value normally associated with bad films. They variously described the film as 'A picture for idiots', 'Boring to an amazing degree', 'A fine achievement in stupidity and dullness', 'Dreadful', '[Giving] new meaning to the word incoherent', and 'bad on just about every level'. One critic suggested an alternative title as 'Simplistic: Bullets Vs. Humans'.^[373]Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote, 'You could run this film backward, soundtrack included, and it would make no less sense.'^[374]Roger Ebert, who included the film in his 'most hated list', called the movie 'a chaotic mess, overloaded with special effects and explosions, light on continuity, sanity and coherence'.^[375] In addition to being lambasted by critics, it was a disaster financially, recouping just over $19.9 million of its $70 million budget. International Business Times included it on its list of Hollywood's top 5 worst movies ever made.^[301] In March 2007, the movie review site Rotten Tomatoes ranked it #1 among 'The Worst of the Worst' movie list,^[376] with 108 'rotten' reviews and no 'fresh' ones. Mental Floss also listed it as the worst movie ever made.^[377]

Ben and Arthur (2002)

A low-budget 2002 American romantic drama film about the titular gay couple who come into conflict with Arthur's religious brother, Ben and Arthur was written, directed, produced, edited, and scored by Sam Mraovich, who also played the character Arthur. Ben and Arthur received strong criticism (especially from the LGBT community) for its low budget and poor plotting. BuzzFeed described it as the 'worst gay movie of all time'.^[378] The gay popular culture site Queerty described Ben and Arthur as 'unintelligible' and ended its review by calling it the 'Worst. Movie. Ever.'^[379] The gay movie review site Cinemaqueer likewise stated: 'Ben and Arthur is so terrible that it has awoken the dormant Bette Davis in me. It is so painfully bad that it wouldn't even make good fodder on Mystery Science Theater 3000. This just might possibly be the worst movie I have ever seen .. Unless you get a kick out of mocking bad films, avoid this one at all costs.'^[380] Michael Adams, reviewing the film for his book Showgirls, Teen Wolves, and Astro Zombies, describes it thus: 'Ben & Arthur is as over-the-top insane as it is ludicrously executed .. the production values, from biscuits on plates comprising the main course of a candlelit dinner to a church literally having a cardboard cross and a cartoon Jesus on the wall, are as bad as anything I've seen.'^[381] A Rotten Tomatoes article placed Ben and Arthur on their list of 'Films So Bad They're Unmissable', saying 'If Tommy Wiseau's The Room is the over-wrought, melodramatic and self-pitying heterosexual camp classic of choice, then Sam Mraovich's Ben & Arthur is its gay equivalent.' Rotten Tomatoes also stated 'Every scene, every line, every hissy fit is simultaneously hilariously amateur and hysterically fever-pitched.'^[5]Total Film ranked Ben and Arthur at #58 in their list of the 66 worst films of all time.^[83] Mraovich finds Ben and Arthur's placement among the canon of worst films to be a blessing as the film has received more attention than he ever anticipated.^[378]

From Justin to Kelly (2003)

The romantic-comedy musical From Justin to Kelly stars Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini, the winner and runner-up, respectively, of the first season of American Idol. The film was a critical and commercial disaster, earning only $4.9 million at the North American box office and achieving a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 63 reviews.^[382]Josh Tyrangiel of Time Magazine described From Justin to Kelly as 'a monstrous Idol movie musical that in the most generous light is the worst film so far this century',^[383] while The Free Lance–Star referred to it as 'the world's worst movie'.^[384]Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club, reviewing the film for his 'My Year of Flops' series, stated, 'All films require suspension of disbelief. From Justin To Kelly requires something more like a temporary lobotomy. Nothing about the main characters or their relationships makes sense.'^[385] It won a special Razzie—'Governor's Award – Distinguished Under-Achievement in Choreography'—at the 24th Golden Raspberry Awards.^[386] It was nominated for eight additional Razzies (including a second special award, 'Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie'), and a year later it won for Worst 'Musical' of Our First 25 Years. Total Film included From Justin to Kelly on their list of The 66 Worst Films of All Time,^[83] and International Business Times included the film on its list of Hollywood's top 5 worst movies ever made.^[301] In a later interview, Clarkson expressed regret over From Justin to Kelly, stating she only did it because she was contractually obligated to do so: 'I knew when I read the script it was going to be real, real bad, but when I won, I signed that piece of paper, and I could not get out of it.'^[383]

The Room (2003)

The independently produced The Room, about an amiable banker whose friends betray him one by one, has been called 'the Citizen Kane of bad movies' by some critics.^{[387][388][389]} Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V Club called it 'the greatest bad movie of our time' and said, 'The Room is nearly an anti-film—an inane and unintentionally surreal soap opera, filled with non sequiturs, confused characters, and gratuitous, anatomically incorrect sex.'^[390] Though the film's star, writer, producer, and director Tommy Wiseau has claimed it is a black comedy and its numerous flaws are intentional, other actors involved in the production have denied this, saying that Wiseau intended it as a melodramatic romance.^[391]The Room has been noted for its bizarre and non-sequiturial dialogue, protracted sex scenes, various subplots that are inadequately resolved or simply disappear altogether (most notably, a character announces that she has been diagnosed with breast cancer, but this is never mentioned again throughout the entire film), and infamous use of green-screen for 'outdoor' rooftop scenes. It made its broadcast premiere as an April Fools' Day special in 2009 on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block, edited down from its original R rating to a TV-14/DSLV rating. The day after its appearance, its DVD became the top-selling independent film on Amazon.com. In June 2010, The Room started playing at the American Film InstituteSilver Theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland.^[392]Mystery Science Theater 3000 alumni Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy, and Bill Corbett produced an audio commentary track to accompany the movie through their site RiffTrax.com. In 2013, the book The Disaster Artist, written by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell, was published; the book is Sestero's memoir of his involvement in the production of the movie. The book was adapted into an Oscar-nominated film^[393]of the same name, directed by and starring James Franco as Wiseau and his brother Dave Franco as Sestero.

Gigli (2003)

The Martin Brest movie Gigli features Jennifer Lopez and Ben Affleck, with appearances by Al Pacino and Christopher Walken. Gigli was originally a black comedy with no romantic subplot. The producers demanded script rewrites throughout filming, hoping to cash in on the Lopez-Affleck romance that was big news in celebrity-watching publications of the time, such as Us and People. This film cost $54 million to make but grossed only $6 million, making it one of the biggest box office bombs of all time. The Times gave the film a zero, making Gigli the lowest scored film review in the publication's history at that time.^[301]International Business Times, which included Gigli in its list of Hollywood's top five worst movies ever made, described reviewers calling it 'the ultimate turkey of all time'.^[301]The Wall Street Journal stated that it was '[t]he worst movie—all right, the worst allegedly major movie—of our admittedly young century',^[394] while Roger Friedman of Fox News claimed it was '[t]he worst movie ever made'.^[395] It was also the winner of seven Razzies (including 2005's Worst 'Comedy' of Our First 25 Years),^[396] and in 2010 the film was nominated at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards for 'Worst Picture of the Decade'.^[337] It is in Rotten Tomatoes' Top 100 worst reviewed movies of the 2000s,^[332] where it has a 6% rating.^[397] It was also featured in Empire's poll of the 50 worst films ever made,^[147] and AfterEllen ranked it #1 in its list of the worst films of all time.^[367]

Sex Lives of the Potato Men (2004)

The British sex comedySex Lives of the Potato Men is about a group of potato delivery men. The film received strongly hostile reviews from the British media. Reviews claimed Sex Lives of the Potato Men was unfunny, disgusting, and depressing.^[398] Writing in the Daily Mirror, film critic Kevin O'Sullivan called Sex Lives of the Potato Men 'one of the worst films ever made'.^[399] Novelist Will Self, in his review for The Evening Standard, called Sex Lives of the Potato Men 'mirthless, worthless, toothless, useless'.^[398]The Times reviewer James Christopher dubbed Sex Lives of the Potato Men 'one of the two most nauseous films ever made .. a masterclass in film-making ineptitude'.^[398] The Sunday Express film critic, Henry Fitzherbert, also strongly condemned the film: 'Sex Lives is so awful it left me slack-jawed in disbelief .. it must be one of the worst British comedies.'^[400] Catherine Shoard, in a critique in The Sunday Telegraph, stated 'It's hard to know what to say to this – it's like finding the right words at a nasty accident .. Sex Lives of the Potato Men is probably the lewdest Brit-com since Confessions of a Window Cleaner, and certainly the worst.' Shoard also described the film as 'Less a film than an appetite suppressant.'^[401] Alan Morrison in the Scottish Daily Record described it as 'puerile smut of the very worst kind .. Sex Lives of the Potato Men should never have been made'.^[402]The Irish Times later noted that 'Sex Lives of the Potato Men attracted some of the worst reviews in living memory.'^[403]The Birmingham Post described Sex Lives of the Potato Men as 'quite possibly the worst film ever made',^[404] while The Independent on Sunday stated that the film was 'a strong contender for the title of worst film of all time'.^[405] It was also featured in Empire's 50 Worst Movies Ever poll.^[147] The film has a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews.^[406]

Catwoman (2004)

Nominally based on the DC Comics character, Catwoman stars Halle Berry as the title character. It bears little resemblance to the Batman antagonist: the cinematic Catwoman has superpowers, unlike in the comics, and leaps from rooftop to rooftop in stiletto heels. The character's signature lycracatsuit was replaced with slashed leather trousers and matching bra, and a mask that also acts as a hat. She also has a different name, Patience Phillips, to the established DC Catwoman character, Selina Kyle. As the movie character differs so widely from her comic book source, the character, as portrayed in this film, has been cited as 'Catwoman in Name Only'.^[407] The film was the result of various rewrites by a total of 28 different screenwriters, though only four were credited after arbitration with the WGA. It has a 9% rating at Rotten Tomatoes,^[408] and was declared 'arguably the worst superhero film ever made' by the Orlando Sentinel. Jean Lowerison of the San Diego Metropolitan said in her review that Catwoman 'goes on my 'worst' list for the year, and quite possibly for all time'.^[409] Sadaf Ahsan of the National Post went further, calling it the worst movie ever made.^[410]The Village Voice summed up reviews of the film under the title 'Me-Ouch'.^[411] The movie was the winner of four Razzies for Worst Picture, Worst Actress, Worst Director (Pitof) and Worst Screenplay.^[396] Berry arrived at the ceremony to accept her Razzie in person (with her Best Actress Oscar for Monster's Ball in hand), saying: 'First of all, I want to thank Warner Brothers. Thank you for putting me in a piece of shit, god-awful movie .. It was just what my career needed.'^[412] It is on Roger Ebert's 'most hated' list^[126] and International Business Times included it on its list of Hollywood's top 5 worst movies ever made.^[301]

Daniel – Der Zauberer (Daniel – The Wizard) (2004)

The German film Daniel – Der Zauberer was directed by Ulli Lommel and stars pop singer and ex-Deutschland sucht den Superstar contestant Daniel Küblböck, who appeared as a fictionalized version of himself. The title is misleading as it implies that Küblböck is 'Der Zauberer' ('The Wizard'), while the sorcerer is actually a different character (played by Ulli Lommel, the writer/director of the film). The Daily Dot wrote that it is considered to be the worst German film,^[413] while n-tv said it was 'possibly the worst movie ever made'.^[414] The website filmstarts.de states that Daniel – Der Zauberer was 'unbearable for non-fans of Küblböck', adding that 'the performances of the actors were some of the worst in the history of German cinema', and alleging that Ulli Lommel and producer Peter Schamoni had 'damaged their reputation'.^[415] It is consistently listed at IMDb's Bottom 100 list and became the lowest rated film at one point.^[416]Total Film listed it as the third worst film of all time, after Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 and Titanic: The Legend Goes On,^[83] and New York Daily News listed it among the seven worst films ever made.^[416] In an interview conducted several years after its release, Daniel Küblböck admitted that, in retrospect, '[Y]ou have to say this is the worst movie of all time really'.^[417]Filmstarts.de ranked it #4 in its list of the 25 worst movies ever made,^[418] and on the German movie rating site Moviepilot.de, it is the lowest-rated film with an average rating of 0,4/10.^[419]

Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 (2004)

The family-oriented comedy Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 was the last film directed by Bob Clark before his death. It is a sequel to the 1999 film Baby Geniuses and like its predecessor, it received negative reviews from film critics, becoming the 6th worst reviewed film of the decade on Rotten Tomatoes with a 0% rating.^[420] Following the plot of the first film, four babies can communicate with each other using 'baby talk', and have knowledge of many secrets. The 'baby geniuses' become involved in a scheme by media mogul Bill Biscane (Jon Voight), a notorious kidnapper of children, who intends to use a satellite system to brainwash the world's population and force them to watch television for the rest of their lives. The film was a box office bomb, only receiving $9 million from its $20 million budget. David Cornelius at efilmcritic wondered 'Why would anyone want to make a follow-up to what is universally viewed as one of the very worst movies ever produced is a mystery for the ages.'^[421]Entertainment Weekly writer Joshua Rivera stated that it was the worst movie he had ever sat through,^[422] and Tom Long of The Deseret News said 'It is perhaps the most incompetent and least funny comic film ever made.'^[423] It was nominated for four Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture, Worst Director (Bob Clark), Worst Supporting Actor (Jon Voight) and Worst Screenplay (Steven Paul (story) & Gregory Poppen).^[424]Total Film named it the runner-up to Titanic: The Legend Goes On in its list of the worst films ever made,^[83] and Mental Floss selected it as the second worst movie ever made after Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever.^[377] It also briefly unseated Manos: The Hands of Fate from the top spot on IMDb's bottom 100 list.^[425]

Alone in the Dark (2005)

Loosely based on a series of video games by Infogrames and directed by Uwe Boll, the German-Canadian-American film Alone in the Dark was panned by critics for a multitude of reasons, including poor script and production values, quick cuts to optimize the gory content, almost no connection to the game, and bad acting. The movie has received a 1% rating at Rotten Tomatoes,^[426] and was included in their Top 100 worst reviewed movies of the 2000s at number two.^[332] It appeared on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] is on the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list,^[222] and is one of the few films to have received an F rating on CinemaScore.^[427] Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel stated: 'Alone in the Dark shows just how tenuous Plan 9 from Outer Space 's hold on that 'worst movie ever' title really is.'^[428] Likewise, Peter Hartlaub, the San Francisco Chronicle's pop culture critic, called the film 'the best Ed Wood movie ever made .. a film so mind-blowingly horrible that it teeters on the edge of cinematic immortality'.^[429] In 2009, he named it the worst film of the decade.^[430] Jeffrey Lyles of The Gazette considered it so bad that 'other legendary bad films .. await a film of this magnitude because it gets awfully lonely on the island of misfit movies',^[431] while Scott Nash of Three Movie Buffs dubbed it 'one of the worst movies ever made'.^[432] Screenwriter Blair Erickson wrote about his experience dealing with Boll and his original script, which was closer to the actual game itself, and Boll's script change demands on the comedy website Something Awful.^[433] It received two 2005 Golden Raspberry Awards nominations for Worst Director (Uwe Boll) and Worst Actress (Tara Reid), and won three 2005 Stinkers Awards, for Worst Picture, Worst Director, and Worst Special Effects.^[434]

Aag (2007)

Aag is a remake of one of the most successful Bollywood films, Sholay, directed by Ram Gopal Varma. Rajeev Masand gave it a zero out of five.^[435]Times of India stated that Aag 'destroyed Bollywood's greatest film' and acknowledged that some 'consider it the world's worst film'.^[436]Hindustan Times awarded it the 'Lifetime's Worst Ever Movie Award'.^[437] It came in first in a FHM India list of the 57 worst movies ever made.^[438]Total Film included it in their list of the 66 worst films of all time.^[83]Amitabh Bachchan, who appeared in the original film and returned for the remake, later admitted that the film was 'a mistake'.^[439]

Epic Movie (2007)

Epic Movie is a parody film by Jason Friedberg and Aaaron Seltzer that mainly parodies epic and fantasy movies, most notably The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and the Harry Potter films, but also contains references to all kinds of other then-popular films. Like most works of Frieberg and Seltzer, it received extremely negative reviews, holding an approval rating of 2% on Rotten Tomatoes,^[440] and a Metacritic score of 17/100, indicating 'overwhelming dislike'.^[441] Harry Fletcher of the Standard said: 'Filmmakers and trash-peddlers Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer have been responsible for some of the most pointless, lazy and unforgivable movies of the past decade and frankly, they need to be stopped. Disaster Movie, 300 spoof Meet the Spartans and awful Hunger Games mickey-take The Starving Games could easily have made this list of the worst movies ever made, but Epic Movie might be the worst of the lot. It offers the most uninspired, unfunny film pastiches imaginable, sometimes repeating entire sections of dialogue verbatim from the movies they’re supposedly satirising.^[442]Nathan Rabin gave it an F score and said, 'Epic Movie [..] strays so far from the solid fundamentals of filmmaking that it calls the very foundation of humor into question.'^[443] Josh Rosenblatt of The Austin Chronicle said: 'I’ve rarely seen a movie as hostile as this one, both to its audience and to its protagonists, and I don’t think I realized before just how mean-spirited comedy can get (and I was raised on the Three Stooges).'^[444] Jamie Russell of the BBC called it 'the most excruciating, unfunny film you'll see this year… if not your entire lifetime.'^[445] At the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards, it received three nominations, for Worst Remake or Rip-off, Worst Screenplay and Worst Supporting Actress (Carmen Electra). It is included in Empire's and Flavorwire's lists of the 50 worst movies ever made,^[147][132]Standard's list of the 12 worst films ever made, MRQE's 50 worst movies list^[222] and Newsweek's list of the 50 worst comedy movies of all time.^[446]

I Know Who Killed Me (2007)

I Know Who Killed Me is a psychological thriller film directed by Chris Sivertson and starring Lindsay Lohan as identical twins, one of whom insists her identity is that of another woman after being abducted by a serial killer. At the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards, it set a record for most awards won in a single year by winning eight awards and it received two further nominations at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards.^[447] The How Did This Get Made? podcast questioned, 'Is this the worst movie Lindsay Lohan has ever been in or flat out the worst movie ever?'^[448]Richard Roeper selected the film as the worst of the 2000s.^[449] Gabe Delahaye of Stereogum reviewed I Know Who Killed Me as part of his search for the worst movie ever made, writing that: 'Out of all the possible Worst Movies of All Time so far, none has been as painful to actually watch as I Know Who Killed Me'.^[450] It was named the 34th worst movie ever made in Empire's 50 Worst Movies Ever poll^[147] and After Ellen named it the second worst ever made, after Gigli.^[367] MRQE includes it on its 50 Worst Movies list,^[222] and it has a rare F rating on CinemaScore.^[427]

Disaster Movie (2008)

Disaster Movie is a parody film written and directed by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, spoofing films in the disaster film genre. The film, like most films by Friedberg and Seltzer, received extremely negative reviews, and has a 1% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 73 reviews. The site's consensus states: 'Returning to their seemingly bottomless well of flatulence humor, racial stereotypes, and stale pop culture gags, Friedberg and Seltzer have produced what is arguably their worst Movie yet'.^[451] It was ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as one of the worst reviewed films of the 2000s.^[452]Jason Solomons of The Guardian stated that 'Nothing can convey the grimness of Disaster Movie, which would be the Worst Movie Ever Made were it actually a movie at all.'^[453] Adam Tobias of Watertown Daily Times claimed that 'I just don't see how anyone could not find Disaster Movie one of the worst films of all time.' Tobias went on to write that the title was appropriate because the film is 'a disaster'.^[454] It was featured in Empire's 50 Worst Movies Ever poll,^[147]Total Film's 66 Worst Movies Ever list^[83] Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] and the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list (where it holds a score of 17, the lowest score on the site).^[222]Disaster Movie became the lowest ranked film on IMDb's Bottom 100 list days after its premiere^[455][456] and it received a rare F rating on CinemaScore.^[427] The film is also notable for being the motion picture debut of Kim Kardashian, whose performance garnered a nomination for Worst Supporting Actress at the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards.^[457] It received five additional Razzie nominations.

Meet the Spartans (2008)

Another 2008 parody movie by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, Meet the Spartans mainly parodied the movie 300, but contained numerous other popcultural references as well. Like most Friedberg and Seltzer projects, it received extremely negative reviews, holding an approval rating of 2% on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus reading: 'A tired, unfunny, offensive waste of time, Meet the Spartans scrapes the bottom of the cinematic barrel.',^[458] and a Metacritic score of 9/100, indicating 'overwhelming dislike'.^[459]Josh Levin of Slate called it the worst movie he had ever seen.^[460] It is included in Empire's^[147] and Flavorwire's^[132] lists of the 50 worst movies ever made, News.com.au's list of the 15 worst films of all time,^[356] Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films^[310] and MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222] At the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards, it received five nominations, including Worst Picture.

The Hottie and the Nottie (2008)

The romantic comedy The Hottie and the Nottie starring Paris Hilton, Joel Moore, Christine Lakin, and The Greg Wilson opened to poor box-office takings and strongly negative reviews with a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[461] The British newspaper The People, reviewing The Hottie and the Nottie, claimed 'Paris Hilton is the world's worst actress and she's starring in the worst movie ever made.'^[462] Nathan Lee of The Village Voice called it 'crass, shrill, disingenuous, tawdry, mean-spirited, vulgar, idiotic, boring, slapdash, half-assed, and very, very unfunny'.^[463] Online film critic James Berardinelli described the film's comedy as 'about as funny as the anal rape scene in The War Zone'.^[464]Richard Roeper called it 'excruciatingly, painfully, horribly, terribly awful', and argued that 'nobody in this movie really should have a career in movies'.^[465] Connie Ogle in the Miami Herald described The Hottie and the Nottie thus: 'Imagine the worst movie you've ever seen. Got it? Now try to think of something worse. That something is this movie – wretched, embarrassing and a waste of the time and energy of everyone involved.'^[465] The film appears on Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films,^[310] and the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222]

2010s

Birdemic: Shock and Terror (2010)

An independently produced film that is an apparent homage to Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds, Birdemic: Shock and Terror tells the story of a romance between the two leading characters, played by Alan Bagh and Whitney Moore, as their small town is attacked by birds (which do not appear until 47 minutes into the film). Written, directed, and produced by James Nguyen, it was intended as a 'romantic thriller'^[466] but is notable due to its poor quality, with reviewers calling out its wooden acting, bad dialogue, amateurish sound and editing, nonsensical plot and, in particular, its special effects, consisting primarily of poorly rendered CGI eagles and vultures that perform physically awkward aerial maneuvers and explode upon impact with the ground. The film, which cost $10,000 to make,^[467] was called by the Huffington Post 'truly, one of the worst films ever made'^[468] and by The Village Voice as 'one more in the pantheon of beloved trash-terpieces'.^[469]Flavorwire ranked it #1 in its list of the 50 worst films ever made.^[132]Slate deemed it among the worst movies ever made,^[470] while Salon referred to it as 'a cult hit among bad-movie fans'^[471] and Variety stated that the film displayed 'all the revered hallmarks of hilariously bad filmmaking'.^[472] Following the home media release of Birdemic, Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy, and Bill Corbett of Mystery Science Theater 3000 fame produced an audio commentary track to accompany the movie through Rifftrax. They later riffed upon the film again theatrically.^[473] In response to the cult status of the first film, a sequel—Birdemic 2: The Resurrection—was released in 2013, and included many returning members of the cast and crew.

The Last Airbender (2010)

The Last Airbender is a fantasy/adventure film written, produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan and is based on the NicktoonAvatar: The Last Airbender. Upon release, the film received extremely negative reviews, with critics panning the bad acting, numerous plot holes, screenplay, poor special effects (despite its reported $150 million budget), and especially M. Night Shyamalan's directing. It was also ridiculed for the poor quality of its post-converted 3-D, which was described as barely noticeable. Further criticism came from fans of the original cartoon series, who said the film differed tremendously from its critically acclaimed source material. It garnered nine nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards,^[474] and won five: Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, Worst Supporting Actor, and a special award, 'Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D'.^[475][476]Roger Ebert wrote, 'The Last Airbender is an agonizing experience in every category I can think of and others still waiting to be invented. The laws of chance suggest that something should have gone right. Not here. It puts a nail in the coffin of low-rent 3D, but it will need a lot more coffins than that.'^[477] When asked if Last Airbender had been the worst film he has ever seen, Mike Ryan of Vanity Fair answered, 'Yes'.^[478]Hi highlighted the film in their 'Worst Films Ever' series,^[479] and David Onda of Comcast wrote that '[the] film has been called one of the worst ever made. The movie was universally panned by critics and failed to make back its production budget domestically. Although director M. Night Shyamalan reportedly wrote a rough draft for the second film. it is highly unlikely it will ever get made. Very, very unlikely.'^[480] The film holds a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 189 reviews,^[481] and has a Metascore of 20 on Metacritic. The film also appeared in the top ten of a poll of the worst movies of all time conducted by RiffTrax.^[482][483]

The casting of white and Indian actors to portray characters who were East Asian or Inuit in the source material triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism and whitewashing, a letter-writing campaign, and various protests.^[484][485]Richard Corliss of Time, speaking of the controversy, wrote 'The actors who didn't get to be in The Last Airbender are like the passengers who arrived too late to catch the final flight of the Hindenburg.' Corliss also stated that this was the worst movie epic in 32 years.^[486] Shyamalan responded to critics, saying, 'Anime is based on ambiguous facial features. It's meant to be interpretive. It's meant to be inclusive of all races, and you can see yourself in all these characters .. This is a multicultural movie and I'm going to make it even more multicultural in my approach to its casting .. The irony that [protesters] would label this with anything but the greatest pride, that the movie poster has Noah and Dev on it and my name on it. I don't know what else to do.'^[487]

Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star (2011)

Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star was produced by Adam Sandler's Happy Madison Productions and featured Nick Swardson in the titular role as a small-town manchild who pursues a career in the pornographic film industry after learning that his parents were porn stars in the 1970s. On Rotten Tomatoes, Bucky Larson has a 0% rating based on 35 reviews.^[488] Linda Cook of the Quad-City Times described the film as 'the worst of the worst',^[489] while hollywoodchicago.com called it 'one of the worst comedies of all time'.^[488] In listing it as one of the ten worst comedies ever, Michael Musto stated that Bucky Larson was 'a badness the world had forgotten was capable of existing'.^[490]Screen Rant included it in its list of the 25 worst movies in film history and Mental Floss named it the fifth worst movie ever.^[491][377]Bucky Larson also appears on MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list,^[222] and Metacritic's list of the all-time lowest-scoring films.^[310] The film earned six nominations at the 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost in every category to Jack and Jill, which was also produced by Happy Madison Productions.^[339]

Jack and Jill (2011)

Jack and Jill is a comedy film starring Adam Sandler as Jack, a commercial director, who is visited by his 'identical' twin sister, Jill (played by Sandler, in drag), during the holidays. Salon stated that Jack and Jill 'received some of the worst reviews of any movie ever' upon its release.^[492] In the film, Jill is wooed by Al Pacino, whom Jack wants to be in his Dunkin' Donuts commercial. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times noted the irony of Pacino's presence, as the actor is best known for playing Michael Corleone in The Godfather, which is widely considered one of the best films ever made, in this film, which he called 'one of the worst movies in the history of cinema!'^[493] Ramin Setoodeh of The Daily Beast and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone reviewed it together in an article entitled 'Adam Sandler's 'Jack and Jill' Is the Worst Movie Ever Made'.^[494] After an hour-long critique, RedLetterMedia claimed that it was 'so egregious that it ceased to be a film', and the site also later called it 'the worst thing in the world'.^[495] Mike McGranaghan wrote, on his website The Aisle Seat: 'Howard the Duck, Gigli, Showgirls, From Justin to Kelly. What do they all have in common? They're all widely considered among the worst big studio movies ever made. You know what else they have in common? They're all better than Jack and Jill.'^[496][497]Jack and Jill was featured in the top ten worst films of all time poll conducted by RiffTrax.^[482][483]Jack and Jill won a record 10 awards at the 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards, sweeping every category. It broke the record previously held by Battlefield Earth for having the most Razzies earned by a single film and is the only film to win every possible award.^[339] The film holds a 3% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 110 reviews.^[496]

That's My Boy (2012)

Another comedy film starring Adam Sandler, That's My Boy concerns a middle school student named Donny Berger who has sex with his teacher, gets her pregnant, and in turn, earns a lifestyle of a minor celebrity, something he never intended to happen. Years later, Donny (played by Sandler) crashes his now-adult son's (Andy Samberg) wedding and bachelor party to get his money so he can pay his taxes, therefore avoiding prison. The film has been widely panned due to its comedic portrayal of incest, hebephilia, statutory rape, and gerontophilia,^{[498][499][500]} with film critic Andrew O'Hehir of Salon stating, '[Sandler's] new movie about a rape survivor and his estranged son is supposed to be funny, but radiates pain and rage.'^[501]Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times proclaimed, 'To say That's My Boy is one of the worst movies of the year is to insult 2012. This is one of the worst movies I've ever seen',^[502] while Richard Haridly of Quickflix called it 'one of the saddest and most exhausting' films he has ever seen.^[503] MaryAnn Johanson of Flick Filosopher outright panned the film for its inability to generate laughs as well as its depraved content, calling it 'a disgusting excuse for a comedy' and possibly 'the most repulsive movie I've ever seen',^[504][505] and Jonathan Lack of We Got This Covered declared, 'That's My Boy isn't just the worst film of 2012, it's one of the most morally reprehensible comedies of all time, a disgusting movie you should stay far, far away from.'^[504][506] Furthermore, Ed Whitfield of The Ooh Tray stated, 'It may be the worst film, in any genre, ever made',^[504][507] while Chris Sawin of Examiner.com called it 'the equivalent of recreational brain trauma with a slice of shoving a railroad spike through one of your eyes just to pass the time', and said that 'Gargling paint thinner is better entertainment.'^[504] In addition to the movie's overwhelmingly negative reviews, That's My Boy earned eight nominations at the 33rd Golden Raspberry Awards, such as Worst Picture and Worst Director, and won the awards for Worst Actor (Sandler) and Worst Screenplay.^[508] It holds a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes as of April 17, 2019 based on 115 reviews.^[509]

Run for Your Wife (2012)

A British comedy film based on the stage farce of the same name, Run for Your Wife starred Danny Dyer as John Smith, a bigamist, and Denise van Outen and Sarah Harding as his wives. Run for Your Wife was directed by the author of the play, Ray Cooney (who also makes an uncredited cameo appearance). Upon release, Run for Your Wife was savaged by film critics, with the South African newspaper Daily News saying 'Run for Your Wife could be the worst film in history',^[510] the Studio Briefing website reporting that 'Some writers are making the case that the British comedy may be 'the worst film ever'',^[511] and The Daily Mirror claiming Run For Your Wife 'was branded the worst British film ever'.^[512]Run for Your Wife met with such overwhelmingly negative reviews upon release that the reviews themselves were widely reported in the UK media.^[511][513] The film was variously described as 'a catastrophe', 'as funny as leprosy' and '30 years past its sell-by-date', with The Guardian reviewer Peter Bradshaw saying that it 'makes The Dick Emery Show look edgy and contemporary'.^[514]The Independent's Anthony Quinn wrote, 'The stage play ran for nine years – it [the film] will be lucky to run for nine days. Perhaps never in the field of light entertainment have so many actors sacrificed so much dignity in the cause of so few jokes .. From the look of it, Cooney hasn't been in a cinema for about 30 years'.^[515] The cast featured numerous British celebrities in cameo roles, which was commented upon by several reviewers. The Metro commented that 'no one emerges unscathed among the cameo-packed cast that reads largely like a roll-call for Brit TV legends you'd previously suspected deceased'.^[516] The Daily Record described the film as 'an exasperating farce containing not one single, solitary laugh. Comprised of people losing their trousers and falling over, the film looks like a pilot for a (mercifully) never-commissioned 70s sitcom'.^[517] An article in the Independent described Run for Your Wife (along with the similarly panned Movie 43) as contenders for the title of the 'worst film in history'.^[518]The Berkhamsted & Tring Gazette reported 'critics have being queuing up to batter recent release Run for Your Wife, with general agreement that it ranks among the worst British comedies of all time'.^[519]Run for Your Wife was also a box office bomb, earning only £602 in its opening weekend at the British box office to its £900,000 budget.^[520][521]Run for Your Wife has a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes as of July 29, 2015 based on 15 reviews.^[522]

Movie 43 (2013)

Produced and co-directed by Peter Farrelly among others, Movie 43 is a comedy film consisting of several vignettes each by a different director and a sizable cast of recognizable actors and actresses including Dennis Quaid, Greg Kinnear, Hugh Jackman, Kate Winslet, Liev Schreiber, Naomi Watts, Anna Faris, Emma Stone, Richard Gere, Uma Thurman, Chloë Grace Moretz, Gerard Butler, Halle Berry, Stephen Merchant, Kristen Bell, Terrence Howard, Elizabeth Banks, Kate Bosworth, Johnny Knoxville, Justin Long, Chris Pratt, Josh Duhamel, and Jason Sudeikis. Several critics have called it one of the worst films ever made, including Peter Howell of the Toronto Star, who said 'There's just one use for Movie 43, apart from it being ground into the landfill that it deserves to become sooner rather than later. It provides me with a handy new answer to a question I'm often asked: 'What's the worst film you've ever seen?''^[523] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News also considered it the worst movie she ever saw.^[524] Brady Murphy of Murphy Reviews wrote, 'A world where a film like this can exist only reminds me of the other contemptible acts performed by human kind since the dawn of time, and is rather eye-opening in that respect. That probably wasn't intentional, though'; he went on to say that 'The idea that anyone could think that this would be in any way humorous is simply unbelievable.' He concluded his review by saying the movie 'had no heart', and gave it the site's first zero out of ten rating.^[525]Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times voiced similar hatred, calling it 'aggressively tasteless' and 'the Citizen Kane of awful'.^[526]Lou Lumenick of the New York Post stated, 'If you mashed-up the worst parts of the infamous Howard the Duck, Gigli, Ishtar and every other awful movie I've seen since I started reviewing professionally in 1981, it wouldn't begin to approach the sheer soul-sucking badness of the cringe-inducing Movie 43.'^[527]Movie 43 is on the MRQE's 50 Worst Movies list.^[222] It holds a 5% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 88 reviews, averaging out at a 2.23/10 rating.^[528] It won three awards at the 34th Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Picture, Worst Director, and Worst Screenplay. In the Worst Director category, all 13 directors won the award.^[529]

Fateful Findings (2013)

Fateful Findings is a 2013 independent techno-thriller written, directed and produced by Neil Breen. Breen also starred in the film and took on most of the crew roles, including film editor, sound editor, accountant, caterer, set designer, wardrobe, makeup and casting.^[416] The film follows an author-turned-hacker with supernatural powers who uses his abilities to reveal government and corporate secrets while struggling with his wife's drug addiction and his attraction to his teenage neighbor, ending with an extended sequence at a press conference where politicians and business people confess to corruption and kill themselves before an applauding crowd. Writing for Film Threat, reviewer Mike Hodges described it as 'the worst movie ever made', comparing it unfavorably to Troll 2 and The Room.^[530]Nathan Rabin, writing for Rotten Tomatoes, said Fateful Findings threatens The Room's position as 'best worst movie',^[531] while reviewers of the podcast The Flop House said 'Move over The Room, move over Birdemic' and Mystery Science Theater 3000 head writer Elliott Kalan described it as the 'good-est bad movie, maybe, I've ever seen'.^[532]

Humshakals (2014)

A Bollywood comedy film directed by Sajid Khan, Humshakals featured Indian actors Saif Ali Khan, Ram Kapoor and Riteish Deshmukh. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 0%, based on six reviews, with an average rating of 2/10.^[533] Mihir Fadnavis wrote in his Firstpost review, 'sexual tomfoolery, shrieking and hamming aside, there's much more to hate about this 'family movie'. It's disturbing to see such an atrocious, regressive, misogynistic, sexist, homophobic cinematic product force-fed to paying audiences. I can understand that a comedy need not be 'safe', but what goes on in Humshakals is simply too horrifying to bear.'^[534] Saurabh Dwivedi of India Today stated 'I can only say that Humshakals will be listed in one of the worst films of the century.'^[535] Writing in Emirates 24/7, Sneha May Francis said that it succeeded Khan's previous endeavor, Himmatwala, in becoming the worst Bollywood film ever.^[536] Fadnavis went further, writing that it displaced Himmatwala as the 'worst possible product any film industry in the world can offer'.^[534] Itrath Syed of The Georgia Straight stated that Humshakals was 'the absolute bottom of the cinematic barrel'.^[537] The film received five Golden Kela Award nominations,^[538] and won for Worst Film.^[539] It also won two Ghanta Awards; the film won Worst Picture and Ram Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan and Riteish Deshmukh shared the Worst Actor award.^[540]

Several of the cast members also lamented their involvement in the film. Despite being the film's leading actress, Bipasha Basu did not participate in the film's promotions because she was 'extremely disturbed by the end result' and stated that 'Humshakals was the worst experience of my life'.^[541][542] Another cast member, actress Esha Gupta, warned her family to not watch the film.^[543] After the release of the film, leading actor Saif Ali Khan lamented that 'I've been introspecting a lot and will never repeat a mistake that was Humshakals.'^[544]

Kidnapping, Caucasian Style! (2014)

Kidnapping, Caucasian Style! is a 2014 Russian comedy film.^[545] It is a remake of Leonid Gaidai's 1967 Soviet film, Kidnapping, Caucasian Style, and was harshly criticized for how closely it copied the original, essentially being a frame by frame reproduction with few modern references. Gazeta.ru described it as 'probably the worst film in the history of Russian cinema'.^[546]Mail.Ru said it was the worst remake, while critic Maxim Shilimanov wrote that 'The film is so bad that it seems that it was shot badly on purpose so that film critics had something to write about.'^[547] In listing it as one of the worst remakes of Soviet cinema, Cosmopolitan Russia opted to quote from a user review from KinoPoisk that called it 'the worst film I've ever seen' rather than describe the plot.^[548] It is the lowest rated film on KinoPoisk,^[549] appears on review aggregator Kritikanstvo's all-time lowest-scoring films,^[550] and RIA Novosti listed it as the second worst film after Guardians.^[551]

Saving Christmas (2014)

Saving Christmas is a faith-basedChristmascomedy film starring Kirk Cameron, who plays a fictionalized version of himself attempting to convince his brother-in-law (played by the film's director, Darren Doane) that Christmas is still a Christian holiday.^[552] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 0% rating, based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 1.7/10.^[553] Critic David Keyes described Saving Christmas as 'The worst holiday movie ever made',^[553]Billings Gazette selected the film as the worst Christmas movie of all time,^[554] and Will Nicol of Digital Trends included it on his list of the ten worst movies ever made.^[555]Christy Lemire picked Saving Christmas as the worst film she has ever reviewed and called it 'The Room of Christmas movies', while adding that she found The Room to be more enjoyable and gave it a score of zero stars out of four.^[556][557] Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times said: 'This may be one of the least artful holiday films ever made.'^[553] In response to the criticism, Cameron asked fans to give the film positive reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.^[558] This resulted in a backlash in which Internet users traveled to the Rotten Tomatoes page and condemned the film.^[559] Three weeks after its release, Saving Christmas became the lowest-rated film on IMDb's bottom 100 list. Cameron blamed the low rating on a Reddit campaign by 'haters and atheists' to purposely lower the film's ratings.^[560] The film won four awards, including Worst Picture, at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards.^[561]

United Passions (2014)

A 2014 English-language French drama film about the origins of the soccer world governing body Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), United Passions starred Tim Roth (as FIFA President Sepp Blatter), Gérard Depardieu and Sam Neill, and was directed by Frédéric Auburtin. United Passions' release in the U.S. occurred simultaneously with the 2015 FIFA corruption case, in which several current and former members of FIFA's executive committee were arrested for charges of corruption,^[562] and Blatter himself resigned following repeated accusations of corruption at FIFA under his leadership.^[563]United Passions was accused of ignoring these long-running claims.^{[562][564][565]}London Evening Standard's Des Kelly wrote that United Passions was 'the worst movie ever made' and 'the most extraordinary vanity exercise; a vile, self-aggrandizing, sugar-coated pile of manure where Blatter and Co. manage to make North Korea's Kim Jong-un look self-effacing'.^[566] Daniel Gold of The New York Times claimed United Passions is 'one of the most unwatchable films in recent memory, a dishonest bit of corporate-suite sanitizing that's no good even for laughs',^[567] later stating it would make the top three of his list of all time bad films.^[568] Several critics noted the irony of the film's depiction of Blatter as an anti-corruption campaigner. Paul Field of the Daily Mirror said that this created 'unintentional comedy gold',^[565] while Sara Stewart of the New York Post described it as 'hilariously ill-timed'.^[569] The soccer website Goal.com said of United Passions: 'The portrayal of FIFA is farcical from start to finish', and added: 'Films believed to be among the worst of all time are watched by thousands of people eager to see just how bad they are. This piece of cinematic garbage belongs to that list.'^[564] On Last Week Tonight With John Oliver, John Oliver mentioned the film in his famous take on the FIFA, saying that the 'movie, like FIFA itself, looks terrible' and asking: 'Who makes a sports film where the heroes are the executives?'^[570] On Rotten Tomatoes, United Passions has a 0% rating, based on 16 reviews,^[571] while on Metacritic, the film holds a score of 1 out of 100, based on 9 critics, meaning “overwhelming dislike”, and is on their list of the all-time lowest-scoring films.^[310]

United Passions was also a box office bomb,^[572] becoming the lowest-grossing film ever in American history with a total take of $918,^[573][574] which surpassed the previous record held by I Kissed a Vampire ($1,380) in 2012. The film additionally went directly to DVD in France and was not distributed in a number of other European countries.^[575][576] Several of the people involved in United Passions later expressed regret over the film. Director Auburtin called United Passions 'a disaster' and added: 'Now I'm seen as bad as the guy who brought AIDS to Africa or the guy who caused the financial crisis .. apparently I am a propaganda guy making films for corrupt people.'^[576][577] Tim Roth apologized for taking part in the film and admitted that he took the job in United Passions for the money.^[577]

Dirty Grandpa (2016)

Dirty Grandpa, a 2016 comedy movie starring Robert De Niro and Zac Efron as a grandfather and grandson going to Florida during Spring break, received negative reviews for its gross-out and shock humor that was also considered as sexist,^[578]homophobic and racist.^[579] Mike Ryan of Uproxx said: 'Dirty Grandpa is the worst movie I’ve ever seen in a movie theater. Burn it.'^[580] He later also picked it as the worst film he had ever both reviewed^[581] and seen.^[582] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood said: '[..] Dirty Grandpa, is not just the worst movie [De Niro] has ever been in, but it may be the worst movie anyone has ever been in.'^[583] Glenn Mcdonald of Indy Week said: 'The awful, ugly Dirty Grandpa is the comedy equivalent of torture porn [..] In fact, in the dizzying moments after being bludgeoned by this miserable specimen, I was convinced it's among the worst movies ever made.'^[584]Richard Roeper gave the film zero stars, writing, 'If Dirty Grandpa isn't the worst movie of 2016, I have some serious cinematic torture in my near future.'^[585]Mark Kermode, on his BBC Radio 5 Live show (Kermode and Mayo's Film Review), said 'after Dirty Grandpa I did feel genuinely unclean, I wanted to go and have a shower, because it's just so revolting. Somewhere in hell there is a multiplex playing this on a double bill, with Movie 43 and Entourage.'^[586] He would later go on to brand it his least favorite film of 2016.^[587] Glenn Kelly of RogerEbert.com said: 'The actor Bela Lugosi appeared in some landmark, perhaps even great, films at the beginning of his Hollywood career in the 1930s. [..] Lugosi's final film was 1959's Plan 9 from Outer Space, frequently cited as the worst film ever made. The cinematic landmarks of De Niro's career include films such as Coppola's The Godfather Part II and Scorsese's Raging Bull. He has been featured in a good number of very bad films in the years since. But this? This might just be his own Plan 9'.^[588] The film has an approval rating of 11% at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 2.76/10,^[589] while on Metacritic it has a score of 21 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating 'generally unfavorable reviews'. At the 37th Golden Raspberry Awards it received five nominations, for Worst Picture, Worst Actor (De Niro), Worst Supporting Actress (Julianne Hough and Aubrey Plaza, respectively) and Worst Screenplay, but did not win in any category.

Guardians (2017)

Guardians is a Russian superhero film^[590][591] about a team of Soviet superheroes created during the Cold War.^[592] It was criticized for having a derivative plot, bad acting and direction, cheap CGI, plot holes and overall low quality. V6 new telangana songs download. Kg-portal.ru wrote that 'Guardians is a film from which Russian cinema should be protected. It's like a sequel to Plan 9 from Outer Space, filmed by Uwe Boll, with the screenplay by Tommy Wiseau and with him in the lead role'.^[593]Rossiyskaya Gazeta commented that the film was 'Worse than you can imagine.'^[594]Meduza compared the film's director, Sarik Andreasyan, to Plan 9 from Outer Space's director, Ed Wood, and said that Guardians 'is a convincing answer to the eternal question of why we can never catch up with Hollywood even in our own box office'.^[595]Afisha said that it was the Russian answer to Howard the Duck,^[596] and Ivi, Inc. commented that 'a more talentless film is hard to imagine'.^[597]RIA Novosti placed it at the top of their worst film list,^[551] and it appears on Kritikanstvo's all-time lowest-scoring films.^[550] Critics outside of Russia generally panned the film but were not as harsh, as it has a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[598] A sequel was planned,^[599] but the film was a box office bomb, which resulted in the film's production company, Enjoy Movies, subsequently filing for bankruptcy, and the Cinema Foundation of Russia, which provided part of the budget, suing the company and demanding a return of the investment.^[600]

See also

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